Consequences of Macronutrient Deficiencies in Nutrition

Mineral Deficiencies

Consequences include impaired bodily functions.

At Risk Populations

Groups vulnerable to protein energy malnutrition.

Signs of Malnutrition

Symptoms include poor growth and immunity.

Vegetarian Diet Deficiencies

Common nutrient shortages in plant-based diets.

Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency

Causes include dry skin and inflammation.

Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

Condition from inadequate protein and energy intake.

Kwashiorkor

Malnutrition with sufficient calories but insufficient protein.

Symptoms of Kwashiorkor

Includes edema and changes in pigmentation.

Marasmus

Severe malnutrition characterized by weight loss.

Symptoms of Marasmus

Includes loose skin and apathy.

PEM in the US

85% of institutionalized elderly are malnourished.

Nutrition Therapy

Includes correcting fluid imbalances and treating infections.

Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF)

Special food for treating malnutrition.

Vegetarianism

Plant-based diet limiting animal protein.

Veganism

Strict plant-based diet excluding all animal products.

Nutritional Adequacy

Properly planned diets meet RDA for nutrients.

Nutrients of Concern

Iron, zinc, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids.

B12 Supplements

Recommended for vegans to prevent deficiency.

Essential Fatty Acids

Include omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.

Sources of Essential Fatty Acids

Found in nuts, seeds, and cold water fish.

Avoid Hydrogenated Oils

Trans fats are harmful to health.