Psychological Disorders

DSM-V-TR

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V)

-Describes specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for psychological disorders

-Provides a common language to label mental disorders

-Comprehensive guidelines to help diagnose mental

ICD

International Classification of Mental Disorders. The World Health Organization (WHO) developed the International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD) to classify mental disorders. The ICD is primarily used for global health statistics and research, while the DSM is primarily used for clinical diagnosis and treatment in the United States.

Rosenhan Study on Mental Institutions

Study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally but were not recognized as frauds. Rosenhan described having very little interaction with staff. The important study put a spotlight on mental health facilities at that time.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of disorders with onset occurring during the developmental period. Symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders focus on whether the person is exhibiting behaviors appropriate for their age or maturity range. Possible causes of neurodevelopmental disorders may be environmental, physiological, or genetic in nature.

ADHD

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders. Children with ADHD often have difficulty with inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Kids usually receive a diagnosis during childhood, and the condition often lasts into adulthood. However, effective treatment is available.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

Panic Disorder

A disorder characterized by repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks

Ataque de Nervios

Commonly reported symptoms are trembling, shaking uncontrollably, attacks of crying, feeling of heat rising from chest to head, and becoming physically or verbally aggressive.

ADN frequently occurs because of a stressful event relating to one's family, such as news of the death of a loved one, divorce from a spouse, conflicts within a family, or witnessing an accident involving a family member. After the ADN, individuals often experience amnesia of the incident. This is typical of people of Caribbean descent and is considered a culturebound disorder.

Agoraphobia

Fear of anxiety/panic attack in a public place where escape may be difficult. People with this disorder often avoid going out in public for this reason.

Social Anxiety Disorder

intense fear of social situations due to a fear of embarrassment. ex. meeting new people or eating in public

GAD vs. Panic Disorder

-Panic disorder is acute anxiety that happens sporadically

-Panic attacks accompany panic disorder

-GAD is a "general" feeling of anxiety that is present with the person at all times.

-GAD presents anxiety even in the absence of anxiety causing stimuli

Phobic Disorder (Phobia)

Anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.

Acrophobia

Fear of heights

Arachnophobia

Fear of spiders

Classical conditioning and phobias

ex. A person was attacked by dogs as a child. The once neutral stimulus of dogs has been associated with the UCS of being bitten. Dogs now become the CS and the person generalizes to have a fear of all dogs.

Operant conditioning and phobias

ex. A person gets dizzy in high places so they avoid tall buildings and ladders. They feel comforted avoiding the potential aversive stimulus so the phobic avoidant behavior increases.

Biological Preparedness and phobias

ex. Humans readily and instinctively fear things like snakes and spiders because from an evolutionary standpoint, these creatures can actually harm us.

Observational learning and phobias

ex. A parent screams when they see spiders and the child views and imitates that same behavior through modeling

Taijin Kyofusho

Taijin kyofusho is a culture bound anxiety disorder experienced mainly by Japanese people in which they fear others are judging their bodies as undesirable or offensive.

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

Frequent and intrusive recollections of the traumatic event, avoidance, and hypervigilance are 3 major components. This can include nightmares, flashbacks, angry outbursts, and constantly being on guard.

Post Traumatic Growth

A positive change after experiencing a traumatic event. Ex. Valuing life more, deepening relationships, shifting priorities to things like family or experiences.

OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)

Characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions. Obsessions are the irrational thought patterns and compulsions are the actions or behaviors based on the obsessions.

Major Depression

a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities

Persistent depressive disorder

Persistent Depressive Disorder is a lower grade version of Clinical Depression with less severe symptoms (Previously called Dysthymic Disorder).

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

a mood disorder caused by the body's reaction to low levels of sunlight in the winter months

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar I Disorder: The most severe form, in which people experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that lasts a week or longer. Manic episodes are a part of BPI.

Bipolar II Disorder: A less severe form of bipolar in which people move between depression and hypomania. Manic episodes are not a part of BPII.

Manic Episode

experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, grandiose ideas (big "over the top" ideas or over-exaggerated self importance), and flight of ideas (rapid cycling of thoughts)

Paranoid Personality Disorder

pervasive but unwarranted distrust and suspiciousness; assumes that other people intend to deceive, exploit, or harm them

Schizoid Personality Disorder

pervasive detachment from social relationships; emotionally cold and flat; indifferent to praise or criticism from others

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Odd thoughts, speech, emotional reactions, mannerisms, and appearance; impaired social and interpersonal functioning; often superstitious

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Blatantly disregards or violates the rights of others. Impulsive, irresponsible, deceitful, manipulative, and lacks guilt or remorse.

borderline personality disorder

erratic, unstable relationships, emotions, and self image. Impulsive, desperate efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. Self destructive tendencies.

narcissistic personality disorder

grandiose sense of self-importance, exaggerates abilities and accomplishments, excessive need for admiration

histrionic personality disorder

exaggerated, overly dramatic expression of emotions and attention-seeking behavior that often includes provocative behaviors

avoidant personality disorder

extreme social inhibition due to feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism, rejection, or disapproval

dependent personality disorder

excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive, clinging behavior; fears of separation; and the inability to assume responsibility

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

rigid preoccupation with orderliness, personal control, rules, or schedules that interferes with completing tasks; unreasonable perfectionism

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder. Frequently a result of physical abuse during childhood.

Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue

Memory loss caused by a traumatic event, resulting from psychological reasons. May also include a "fugue state" where the person not only loses memory of who they are, but also move to a new location and begin living under a new identity.

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression.
Acute Schizophrenia is is a form that can begin at any age and frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event. Recovery is much more likely for this form of schizophrenia.

Chronic Schizophrenia is a form in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions and hallucinations (things that are added to normal functioning)

Delusions vs. hallucinations

delusions are a false belief or thought and hallucinations are a false sensory experience such as hearing or seeing something that isn't there.

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

flat affect, alogia, avolition (things that are subtracted from normal functioning)

flat affect

a lack of emotional responsiveness

avolition

Decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions

alogia (poverty of speech)

a decrease in speech or speech content; a symptom of schizophrenia

Delusions of Grandeur

Exaggerated sense of self importance

"I'm the president of the world"

Delusions of Persecution

A false belief of harm without evidence to substantiate it.

"The CIA is out to get me"

Word Salad

Stringing together words in nonsensical ways

Catatonia

Disturbances in movement. When it is agitation it is considered a positive symptom, when it is a stupor it is a negative symptom.

Catatonic Stupor

An immobile, expressionless, coma-like state associated with schizophrenia

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

Argues that delusions, hallucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from too much dopamine

illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis)

A person truly feels as though they suffer from a variety of illnesses, often ones being talked about in the news. For example, if there were a measles outbreak, a person might be convinced that they are beginning to develop the measles.

Conversion Disorder

A person's anxiety is converted into physical symptoms despite the fact that there is nothing physiologically wrong with them. ex. hysterical blindness is a condition where someone loses their ability to see following a traumatic event despite having nothing biologically wrong with them.

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

Disorders characterized by bodily symptoms along with associated psychological symptoms. (ex. illness anxiety disorder)

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder with an extremely restrictive diet resulting in body weight that is significantly less than what would be considered healthy.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

Biopsychosocial model

The biopsychosocial model for disorders suggests that the development and manifestation of a mental health disorder arises from a complex interaction between biological factors (genetics, brain chemistry), psychological factors (thoughts, emotions, behaviors), and social factors (environment, relationships, culture), rather than solely from one of these aspects alone; essentially, it emphasizes the interconnectedness of these elements in understanding and treating mental health conditions.

Diathesis Stress Model

States that environment can have an impact on a person ultimately developing a disorder. The more stressful and chaotic the environment, the more likely one is to develop the disorder. This is especially true when someone is strongly predisposed to develop a disorder.