APEH Unit 3 Vocab

James I

James I

Stuart King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1567-1625. Faced conflict with English Parliament and struggled to maintain authority while promoting the divine right of kings.

Oliver Cromwell

Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth (1653-1658) - unpopular due to his authoritarian rule and military dictatorship. After his death, Parliament restored the monarchy to Charles II.

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 to 1649, known for his conflicts with Parliament that led to the English Civil War. He was eventually executed for treason, marking a significant moment in the struggle between monarchy and parliamentary power.

James II

Stuart King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688, known for his Catholicism and conflict with Parliament, which led to the Glorious Revolution and his eventual exile.

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1660 to 1685, known for his restoration of the monarchy after the English Civil War and for promoting religious tolerance.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that encourages government control of the economy to maximize exports and minimize imports, aiming to increase national wealth. Argues that there is a set amount of capital in the world.

Absolutism

A single ruler holds supreme authority

Louis XIV

King of France from 1643 to 1715. He centralized power, expanded French territory, and built the Palace of Versailles as a symbol of his reign. Major proponent of absolutism

Assault on Vienna

1683: Siege by the combined forces of the HRE and the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth against Vienna, resulting in a decisive defeat for the Ottoman Empire.

Treaty of Utrecht

A series of agreements signed in 1713 that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, redistributing territory among European powers and establishing a balance of power.

English Civil War

A series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists in England from 1642 to 1651, resulting in the trial and execution of King Charles I and the establishment of a Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.

English Bill of Rights

An act passed in 1689 that limited the powers of the monarchy and outlined the rights of Parliament and individuals, establishing principles of constitutional monarchy in England.

Glorious Revolution

1688: King James II of England is exiled to France. Parliament passes the English Bill of Rights, and William of Orange becomes king.

John Locke

An English philosopher whose ideas on government and natural rights influenced the Enlightenment and the American and French Revolutions. (1632-1704)

Thomas Hobbes

An English philosopher known for his social contract theory and his work "Leviathan," which argued for a strong central authority to avoid chaos and maintain order. (1588-1679)

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who expanded the empire and promoted Westernization and modernization reforms during her reign. (1729-1796)

Dutch Republic

A significant European power in the 17th century known for its trade, naval prowess, and cultural achievements, often referred to as the Golden Age of the Netherlands.

Peter the Great

Tsar of Russia (1682-1725) known for his extensive reforms that modernized the country and expanded its territory. First Emperor of all Russia.

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Dual Polish-Lithuanian state that existed from 1569 to 1795, and one of the largest and most populous European states at the time.

Versailles

The court of King Louis XIV, a symbol of absolute monarchy in France.

Colbert

French finance minister under Louis XIV, known for his policies that promoted mercantilism and economic reform.

Franco-Dutch War

A conflict between France and the Dutch Republic from 1672 to 1678, driven by territorial disputes and France's expansionist ambitions.

League of Augsburg

A coalition formed in 1686 among several European powers, including the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and Sweden, aimed at countering French expansion under Louis XIV.

Nine Years War

A conflict from 1688 to 1697 between France and a coalition of European powers, primarily over territorial disputes and the balance of power in Europe.

War of the Spanish Succession

Major European conflict from 1702 to 1715 over the throne of Spain. Louis XIV attempted a united France and Spain under his grandson, leading to a coalition of powers countering him (England, Austria, Prussia, Portugal).

Frederick the Great

The King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, known for his military victories, administrative reforms, and promotion of arts and philosophy.

Great Northern War

A conflict from 1700 to 1721 involving Russia, Denmark-Norway, and Poland against Sweden, over dominance in the Baltic Sea region.

the Fronde

A series of civil wars in France from 1648 to 1653, where nobles and commoners rebelled against royal authority, leading to the strengthening of the monarchy under Louis XIV.