Psychology 241 exam 4

puberty

a period of rapid physical and sexual maturation that occurs mainly during adolescence

puberty causes, timing, and effects

noticeable changes are signs of sexual maturation (genital and voice changes, hair growth) and increases in height and weight. Happens in girls at 11½ and boys at 13½. Caused by hormones testosterone and estradiol that are secreted by gonads.

amygdala

the seat of emotions such as anger; this area develops quickly before other regions that help to control it
-matures earlier than then prefrontal cortex

prefrontal cortex

involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control, advances, but doesn't finish developing until 16-25

how much exercise is best

should exercise vigorously for 60 minutes a day

what age has the best strength and endurance

peak physical performance before age 30, between 19-26 usually

what changes are occurring in the natural sleep cycles for teens

Should sleep 8 hours, don't sleep enough during the week so they try to make it up during the weekends and sleep an average of 9.5 hours

what changes occur in how teens use their free time

-time with family members declines dramatically
-more time is spent alone and with opposite sex
-weekend partying is common for older teens
-African American teens spend with family than white teens
-US teens have a great deal of discretionary time

anorexia

eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. They weigh less than 85% of what is healthy, have an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and periods can stop. Compulsive exercise, look for something they can control. Family therapy is most effective treatment.

bulimia

an eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern. Binge eat then vomit or take laxatives. Preoccupied with food, afraid of becoming overweight, depressed or anxious, perfectionists, drug therapy and psychotherapy are effective.

what is the most common used drug during the teen years

marijuana

what differences exist between teen and young adult drinking behaviors

Teens drink less when their parents are more authoritative, they don't spend time with peers who drink, and are successful educationally. Young adults binge drink and pre-game a lot.

what is the average year for initiating sexual activity

females: 17
males: 16

religions or morals
possibility of unwanted pregnancy

what factors are related to delaying sex

emphasize contraceptive knowledge and STI information

what type of sex ed tends to be most effective

infections contracted primarily through sexual contact including oral-genital and anal-genital contact. 3 million adolescents acquire an STI every year.

how commons are sti's

-many are sexually inexperienced
-many grew up without a father
-likely as children to have been abused and/or exposed to parental divorce
-likely exposed to substance abuse
-likely exposed to family member with mental illness or criminal behavior

what are some common traits of teen parents

-dropping out of school or being poorly educated
-financial hardship
-repeated early pregnancies

what are some common risks to the mother

-prematurity and low birthweight
-fetal neonatal or infant death
-health and academic problems
-abuse and neglect
-developmental disabilities

what risks are associated with being born to teen parents

orientation is most likely determined by a combination of genetic, hormonal. cognitive, and environmental factors.

what are some accepted causes of sexual orientation

Adolescents identify with their ethnic group and their majority culture

what does it mean to have a bi-cultural identity and why is that recommended

-bacterial infections (gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia)
-viruses (genital herpes, genital warts, and HIV -which can lead to AIDS)

what are the most prevalent sti in young adult

fertility drops sharply after age 44 for women
-men show gradual decrease in fertitlity

when do men and women have decreased fertility

-inability to conceive a baby after 12 months of trying
-experienced by 10-15% of US couples
-most common cause-low sperm count
-in women common causes include:
failure to produce ova or abnormal ova
mucus in the cervix
endometriosis

what is the most common cause for infertility

The adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways. Appears between age 11-15, they develop images of ideal circumstances, become fascinated by the future, and become more systematic. Many adults never become formal operational thinkers.

define piaget's stage of formal operations

expansion of working memory allows adolescents to deal with complex problems

what structural changes occur

increased ability to obtain handle and retain information
mathematical and scientific reasoning
improved proficiency in drawing conclusion

what functional changes occur

Adolescents envision an ideal world, they realize how far the real world, for which they hold adults responsible, falls short.

idealism and criticalness

Adolescents are always looking for opportunities to try out their reasoning abilities

argumentativeness

Adolescents can keep many alternatives in mind at the same time yet may lack effective strategies for choosing among them

indecisiveness

The difference between experessing an ideal and making the sacrifices necessary to live up to it

apparent hypocrisy

Elkind's term for an observer who exist only in an adolescent's thoughts and actions as the adolescent is.

imaginary audience

term for conviction that one is special, unique, and not subject to the rules that govern the rest of the world.

personal fable

young adults understand that thinking can't always be abstract

Realistic/Pragmatic

young adults think deeply about many areas of life as they solve problems, and they learn that the correct answer requires reflective thinking and may vary from situation to another.

Reflective/relativistic/contextual

young adults get more skeptical about the truth and are unwilling to accept an answer as final, so they see the search for the truth as an ongoing process

Provisional

adults understand that their thinking is influenced by emotions, but negative emotions often produce distorted and self-serving thinking

Influenced by emotion

thinking that is everything described above

describe postformal thought

the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically.

what is emotional intelligence

progresses from rigidity to flexibility to freely chosen commitments; ultimately, commitment with relativism

how does thinking change over the college years

Working can pay for schooling and provide experience fro getting a job after graduation. It can also restrict opportunities to learn, and as hours increase, grades suffer.

how does working positively and or neg affect college performance

Only 1 in 4 complete the degree within five years.

what percentage of students complete their degree in 5 years

motivation and aptitude ability to work independently social intergration and support fit between school and student

what factors relate to successfully earning a degree

the transference of work-related emotions from the employee to others at home

what is the spillover hypothesis

adolescents are faces with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life

identity vs. identity confusion

have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments

Identity diffusion

have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis

identity foreclosure

experiencing a crisis but their commitments are either absent or vaguely defined

identity moratorium

have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment

identity achievement

autonomy, detachment from parents, parent and peer worlds are isolated, intense, stressful conflict throughout adolescence

old model

attachment and autonomy, parents are important support systems and attachment figures, parent and peer worlds have some important connections, moderate conflict is common and serve a positive developmental function

new model

adolescents push for more control so having a secure attachment to parents is important

how does the attachment relationship change during these years

supervising adolescents' choice of social settings, activities, friends, and academic efforts

how do parents try to monitor their teens

they either disclose or conceal information

how do teens control the information their parents have about them

everyday events of family life

what are most conflicts about

conflict escalates during early adolescence, remains stable during high school, and lessens later in life

when are conflicts the most common

people reason about issues from different domains of social knowledge
morality- principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior
social conventions - parents' reasoning
uniformities to promote orders-
personal jurisdiction- adolescents' reasoning
prudential- involving or showing care and forethought

how does social domain theory explain conflict

social conventions- socialize the adolescent into family community and cultural norms and expectations
personal conventions- serve to individual adolescents increase personal agency enlarge sphere of personal action

personal vs social conventions

influences development, meets social needs, foreshadows quality of romantic relationships

what are the function of adolescent friendships

friends

who do teens disclose to more: family or friends

a larger group structure than a clique, a crowd is usually formed based on reputation, and members may or may not spend time together, help define norms and standards, impact development of identity

define crowds in the teen's life

age 11-13, triggered by puberty, become intensely interested in romance, developing a crush

1. entering into romantic attractions and affiliations

age 14-16, there is casual dating and dating in groups, relationships last a few months

2. exploring romantic relationships

age 17-19, more serious romantic relationships develop, strong emotional bonds, more stable and enduring

3. consolidating dyadic romantic bonds

many date other-sex peers which can help clarify their sexual orientation or disguise it from others

describe dating among gay and lesbian youth

higher social acceptance, friendship and romantic competence

overall dating is related to what postive features

is associated with adolescent pregnancy, problems at home and school, and depression

what about "early dating"

males, minorities, and poor kids

which social groups have highest rates of delinquency

heredity, identity problems, community influences, family experiences

what are somes causes for delinquecy

females are more likely to be depressed than males, genes are linked to adolescent depression along with other family factors, like conflict-ridden parents, poor peer relationships

what are somes causes of teen depression

suicide behavior escalates in adolescence and then increases further in emerging adulthood

how do suicide rates change across adolescens and emerging adulthood

females are more likely to attempt suicide
males more likely to succeed n committing suicide
males use more lethal means such as guns
females are more likely to cute their wrists to take an overdose of sleeping pills

what gender differences exist

conscientiousness
agreeableness
neuroticism
openness
extraversion

what are the big 5 personality factors

disconitnuity

does this model show more continiuty or discontinuity

Intimacy versus isolation - finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, and it requires a commitment to another person

what is the erikson stage for young adulthood

social clock, normative life events (on time or off time), age-graded expectation for life events, flexible, but distress if not following or falling behind, varies by gender culture cohort ses

what is the timing of events model (social clock)

important in development throughout the life span
talk is central to their relationships
Gener: women have more close frienships with more self-disclosure and exchange of mutual support
women share many aspects of their experiences thoughts and feelings

what defines friendship in young adults

rapport talk- language of conversation; establishes connections and negotiates relationships
report talk- talk that is designed to give information, includes public speaking

describe "rapport talk" or "report talk"

secure attachment style

positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, not overly concerned about romantic relationships

avoidant attachment style

hesitant to get involved in romantic relationships, tend to distance themselves from partner

anxious attachment style

demand closeness less trusting and more emotional jealous and possessive

passionate, eros, strong sexual and infatuation components that often predominate the early period of a relationship

romantic love

desire to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the other person

companioniate love

emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing

intimacy

the cognitive appraisal of the relationship and intent to maintain it even during problems

commitment

physical and sexual attraction to another

passion

only have passion, like during an affair of fling

infatuated

strongest form of love, when you have intimacy, commitment, and passion

consummate

passion and commitment, when one person worships another from a distance

fatuous love

marked by intimacy and commitment but lacking passion, like when couples have been married for many years

affectionate love

physical proximity
most select parners who more similar
men report more emphasis on attractiveness, domestic skills
women report more emphasis on intelligence ambition financial status morals

how do we select a mate

marrying later, marriage rates have declined, most adults stay single for longer or cohabitate, same sex marriage is legal, mixed race marriages more popular

what are some secular trends in terms of marriage

freedom to make decisions about one's life course pursue one's own schedule privacy

what are some advantages of being single

spends time together
share expenses
evaluate compatibility

what are some advantages of living together

loneliness
forming intimate relationships with other adults

what are some disadvantages of being single

-disapproval by parents
-difficuly owning property jointly
-legal rights on the dissolution of the relationship are less certain
elevated risk of partner violence
-lower marital satisfaction and increased likelihood of divorce

what are some disadvantages of living togther

individuals live longer healthier lives

what are the benefits of being married

-establishing love maps
-nurturing fondness and admiration
-turning toward each other instead of away
-letting your partner influence you
-creating shared meaning

what are some factors associated with successful marriages

delay first child smaller numbers of children (average of 2 or fewer)
in the us fewer married couples have children (70%) mothers's careers less social criticism

what is the secular trend for having children

45%

what are the current divorce rates