set 2

The primary type of immigrants that earlier flows primarily consisted of.

Manual laborers

Geographical propinquity

Reduces costs of the journey for those who come on their own and lowers costs of return for everyone.

Central and Eastern European peoples in the Midwest

Their concentration reflects the development of heavy industry in the area, particularly steel and auto making.

Canal companies' recruitment

Irish and Italian workers were moved more inland.

Railway construction immigrant groups

Chinese and Mexican workers were primarily recruited.

Finnish workers

The immigrant group associated with the settlement for copper mine and timber companies.

German settlers

Immigrant group that often took advantage of cheap land in the Midwest to start rural farms.

Professionals

Type of immigrants who are more dispersed throughout the country than physical labor migrants.

Largest concentrations of Cubans

Located in Miami, Florida.

Vietnamese descendants

Concentrated in Orange County and San Jose, California.

Immigrant states in 2019

Showed no crazy growth compared to previous years.

California

State with the largest number of immigrants overall in 2019.

Indian immigrants

The most dispersed group of immigrants across the country in 2019.

Jamaican, Dominican, and Haitian immigrants

Groups that have concentrated in NYC as industrial and urban laborers.

Mexicans

The largest national immigrant contingent in 2019.

Indians

Immigrant group with a sizable number of professionals that settled in Los Angeles, forming an ethnic enclave.

Potential benefits of spatial concentration

Includes preservation of lifestyle, regulation of acculturation pace, social control over the young, and access to community networks.

Puritans from New Haven colony

The earliest immigrants to Newark in 1666.

Economic immigrants

They are usually not firstborns and immigrate to gain economically.

The journey of immigrants

Was often very dangerous, lengthy, and expensive.

Indentured servants

Typically underwent hard labor for 4-7 years, with the potential for extended length.

Forced migration of enslaved Africans

Millions were taken, with NYC being the largest slave trade port in America.

Transports

Convicts transported to America as a form of punishment.

Disease and quarantine

People were quarantined and hospitalized due to sickness, with religious and scientific explanations being considered.

Early 1800s immigration to NY

Was not easy or pleasant, though many immigrants ended better off in America.

Immigration restrictions before the Civil War

There was no immigration policy, leaving it up to the states.

1920s immigration concerns

Worries intensified over southern and eastern Europeans straining social services.

Cold War refugee policy

US prioritized allowing refugees fleeing communism.

Refugees fleeing Vietnam in the 1970s

Significantly impacted changing immigration policies.

Cecilia Munoz's argument

Issues arise from not having a clear asylum policy, complicating decisions for asylum seekers.

Length of asylum processing

Takes between 4 and 5 years.

Legal limbo from asylum processing

Results in uncertain status for applicants during the lengthy process.

Trump and Biden administrations

Both made changes regarding immigration policies.