Unit 3: Nutrients & Metabolism

________ are substances in food needed for growth, maintenance, and/or repair.

nutrients

_______ are nutrients consumed in large quantities.

macronutrients

Macronutrients are measured in ______. What are the 3 major macros?

grams; carbs, lipids, and proteins

______ are nutrients which are consumed in small quantities.

micronutrient

Micronutrients are ______ and _____.

vitamins and minerals

_______ are nutrients which our body cannot synthesize itself or in enough quantity to keep up with demand.

essential nutrient

______ are reactions that build (synthesize) larger molecules/structures from smaller ones.

anabolism

______ are reactions that break down complex structures into simpler ones.

catabolism

Chemical reactions convert food sources into ______.

energy

Energy is measured as ________.

kilocalorie

Positive balance is when energy intake is ______ than energy use (_____ state).

Negative balance is when energy intake is ______ energy use (_____ state).

greater; anabolic; less than; catabolic

Carbohydrates are made up from ______ molecules. What are the 3 types?

sugar; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

_________ is a 1 "sugar" group. What are the 3 types?

monosaccharides; glucose, fructose, and galactose

________ is a 2 "sugar" group. What are the 3 types?

disaccharides; sucrose, maltose, and lactose

________ have multiple "sugar" groups.

polysaccharides

All sugars are broken down and converted into _______. This is the primary fuel source for _____ synthesis.

glucose; ATP

What are 4 examples of complex carbohydrates?

whole grains, nuts/seeds, veggies, and legumes

Complex carbs are those high in _______.

fiber

_______ (_______) will not dissolve in water; cannot be digested in humans. Provides "roughage" to stool.

insoluble fiber (cellulose)

_______ will dissolve in water and can be digested by humans.

soluble fiber

Soluble fiber is fermented by gut microbiome to yield more ________.

glucose

Carbohydrate metabolism is completely _______, meaning it requires _______.

aerobic; oxygen

What are the 3 pathways catabolism requires?

1) Glycolysis

2) Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle

3) Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation)

Glycolysis is the breakdown of a single glucose into _______ and _______. It has an initial energy investment of _____ ATP to start the process, and a net _____ ATP gain. There is a net ____ ATP gain if beginning from glycogen.

pyruvate (aerobic) and lactate (anaerobic); -2; +2; +4

During the Krebs Cycle, pyruvate gets converted into ________. It interacts with _________ to make citric acid starting the cycle. The main goal is to produce ________.

Acetyl-CoA; oxaloacetic acid; electron carriers (NADH+FADH2)

In the electron transport chain, electron carriers drop off _________. The transport of _______ across membrane stimulates ______ synthase, converting _____ to ______. There is a net gain of ____ ATP per glucose molecule.

hydrogens; hydrogens; ATP; ADP to ATP; +32

What are 4 purposes of lipids?

1) fuel, organ protection, and insulation (adipose tissue)

2) cell membrane structure (phospholipids & cholesterol)

3) steroid hormone production & function (cholesterol)

4) vitamin absorption

Lipids are made from chains of _______ bound with a _______ group.

fatty acids; glycerol

What are the 3 types of fats?

1) Triglycerides

2) Saturated fats

3) Unsaturated fats

_______ are the most abundantly consumed form of fat. They can combine with _______, _______, and other proteins to make ________.

triglycerides; phospholipids, cholesterol, lipoprotein

_______ fats are found in most animal byproducts.

saturated

_______ fats are found in most plant products.

unsaturated

It is recommended to not exceed ____% of total daily calories of fats.

35

Lipid metabolism is purely ______. What are the 2 steps of this process?

aerobic;

1) lipolysis

2) beta-oxidation

During lipolysis, the enzyme ______ splits triglyceride into glycerol and component fatty acids.

lipase

During beta-oxidation, fatty acids get broken down into components at every _____ carbon group. The groups then get converted into _________. _______ goes to the liver where it is converted into ________. This is the process of _________.

second; Acetyl-CoA; glycerol; glucose; gluconeogenesis

If there is a longer chain of fatty acids, it takes _______ to break down, but there will be a ______ ATP yield.

longer; greater

Most fats are _____ - chain and must be broken down before entering ________.

long; mitochondria

______ - chain fats diffuse directly into mitochondria.

medium

What are 4 purposes of protein?

1) tissue structure

2) enzyme & hormone production & function

3) fuel

4) can help to loose weight

A _______ protein has all 9 essential amino acids. An _______ protein is missing some essential amino acids.

complete; incomplete

What are 3 examples of complete protein?

all animal sources, soybeans and peas

What are 3 examples of incomplete proteins?

plant sources - legumes, grains, and nuts

________ is when the amine (NH2) group is removed yielding Pyruvate or Krebs intermediate components and ammonia (NH3).

deamination

Ammonia combines with CO2 to make _______ which is excreted in urine.

urea

Protein is rarely used for ______.

energy

_______ are organic compounds which are needed in the diet. They are necessary for metabolic reactions, growth, and development.

vitamins

What 3 vitamins can be synthesized?

vitamin D (via sunlight), vitamin K, and some B-complex vitamins (via gut bacteria)

What are vitamins and minerals classed as?

either fat-soluble or water-soluble

What are 4 fat-soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, and K

What are 4 water-soluble vitamins?

B-complexes, Vitamin C, Folic Acid, and Biotin

________ are inorganic compounds found in nature.

minerals

What are 3 functions of minerals?

helps make structures stronger, maintain ion balance, and bind to organic compounds to aid function

Most fatty acids are converted into what product necessary for the initiation of the Krebs Cycle?

Acetyl-CoA

The amine group from protein deamination and excess water-soluble vitamins are primarily excreted from the body through __________.

urine

Most of our daily fat intake should be in what form?

unsaturated fats

Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins are classified as ____________.

macronutrients