Reproduction and inheritance

Asexual reproduction

A type of reproduction where cells divide by mitosis and offspring are genetically identical.

Sexual reproduction

A type of reproduction where genetic information from two different individuals of different sexes combine to produce offspring.

Germination

The process in which a seed grows into a plant.

Conditions for germination

Water, oxygen, and warmth are required for germination to occur.

Enzymes

Proteins that break down starch into maltose and glucose during germination.

Reproduction in plants

Seeds must be dispersed from the parent plant to reduce overcrowding and competition for resources.

Petals

Provide protection to the interior of the flower and attract insects.

Insect pollination

Plants with large and sticky pollen that attract insects for pollination.

Wild pollination

Plants with small and light pollen that is carried by the wind for pollination.

Male reproductive system

Urethra, prostate gland, scrotum, testes, and sperm ducts.

Female reproductive system

Uterus, vagina, oviducts, ovaries, and cervix.

Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate various functions in the body.

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Produced by the pituitary gland, it stimulates egg maturation in the ovary.

Oestrogen

Produced by the ovaries, it stops FSH production, repairs and maintains the uterus lining, and stimulates LH release.

LH (luteinising hormone)

Produced by the pituitary gland, it triggers ovulation.

Progesterone

Produced by the ovaries, it maintains the uterus lining during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Pregnancy

The development of a fetus

Placenta

Temporary organ that connects the fetus to the mother and provides oxygen and nutrients.

Alcohol and pregnancy

Alcohol can affect the fetus because it is not filtered by the placenta.

Secondary sexual characteristics

Controlled by hormones (estrogen in females and testosterone in males) and include physical changes during puberty.

Primary sexual characteristics

The reproductive organs present at birth (penis and testes in males, vagina and uterus in females).

Gametes

Sex cells (sperm and egg).

Fertilization

Fusion of the male and female gametes to form a zygote.

Zygote

The new cell formed after fertilization.

Haploid

Having a single set of chromosomes.

Diploid

Having two complete sets of chromosomes.

Placenta

Provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and removes waste products.

Amniotic sac

Surrounds and protects the baby during development.

Amniotic fluid

Helps maintain an optimal temperature for the fetus.

Mitosis

cell division that creates identical daughter cells

Meiosis

Cell division that produces gametes

What is the structure of DNA?

It is a alpha double helix

What are nucleotides made out of?

One sugar molecules, one phosphate group, one base pair

What are the names of the 4 base pairs

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

What does mRNA stand for?

Massanger RNA

What is the replacement of thymine in protein synthesis?

Uracil

How does protein synthesis work?

DNA is untwisted, mRNA match with complementary base, the mRNA is then going to join together to form a mRNA version of the DNA, mRNA goes into a ribosome, the mRNA is read in codons that code for amino acids, which eventually form a protein

What are the phases of mitosis?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What are the stages of meiosis

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase x2

What is natural selection?

The process of which new species appear

Antibiotic resistance

When bacteria resists antibiotics, its genes are passed on, increasing the number of antibiotic resistant bacteria

Anther

Where the pollen grains are made and stored

Filament

Hold up the anther

Stigma

Collects the pollen grains during pollination

Style

Links the stigma to the ovary.

Ovary

Produces the ovule

Ovule

Contains the female gamete

Scrotum

The sac that holds the testes and helps regulate their temperature

Sperm ducts

Transport sperm from the testes to the urethra

Sex gland

Produces semen that contains sperm cells

Sperm duct

Sperm passes through this

Testis

Contained in scrotum (bag of skin) and produces sperm and testosterone

Urethra

Tube inside the penis to carry urine and semen

Vagina

passageway joining outside and uterus.

Oviducts

Narrow tubes between the uterus and the ovary

Ovaries

Glands that make egg cells and female sex hormones

Cervix

The lower part of the uterus. Has opening where sperm enter uterus and where the baby comes out of the uterus