Industrial Revolution

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

England

What two places did the Industrial Revolution spread to?

Western Europe and the US

Define Industrialization:

The process of replacing human and animal power with machine power.

Define Enclosure Movement:

Wealthy landowners buy up land from poor farmers and closed it in fences.

Where did poor unemployed farmers move due to the Enclosure Movement?

The city.

What happened to the need for farmers as food production increased?

Less farmers were needed on farms.

Who invented the Spinning Jenny?

James Hargraves.

What did the Spinning Jenny improve in textile production?

Made textiles faster than could be made with animal or human power.

Who invented the Steam Engine?

James Watt.

What replaced the old cotton industry?

The new factory system.

Where did much of England's cotton come from?

Plantations in the south.

Who invented the Cotton Gin?

Eli Whitney.

What was the effect of the Cotton Gin on slavery in the US?

The demand for slave labor was increased.

What two forms of transportation used the steam engine?

Steamboats and railroads.

What is the process that made cheap and strong steel called?

The Bessemer Process.

Who invented the smallpox vaccine?

Edward Jenner.

Who discovered bacteria?

Louis Pasteur.

What effect did the Industrial Revolution have on city population?

It increased.

What happened to the standard of living for many during the Industrial Revolution?

It increased.

What happened to travel times during the Industrial Revolution?

Travel was faster.

What did children do after child labor ended at the conclusion of the Industrial Revolution?

Go to school.

What class of people increased during the Industrial Revolution?

Middle class.

What type of pollution increased during the Industrial Revolution?

Environmental pollution.

How did factory workers feel at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?

Dissatisfied.

What was the term for the growth of cities during the Industrial Revolution?

Urbanization.

What were agricultural economies based on before the Industrial Revolution?

The family unit.

What did the Industrial Revolution demand from workers?

New demands on the labor of men, women, and children.

What did workers organize to fight for improved conditions?

Labor unions.

List three dangers workers faced in factories and mines during the IR?

Heat, loss of limbs, and death.

What was a common situation for workers in company towns?

They were perpetually in debt.

How much did children earn on average a day for working?

$0.40-$1.00.

What happened to slavery in most industrialized nations in the 1800s?

It was outlawed.

What legally ended slavery in the US?

The 13th amendment.

What expanded with the reform of child labor at the end of the IR?

Education.

Define suffrage:

Women's right to vote.

What did women have to do to gain the right to vote?

Protest and lobby.

Who was a champion of women and worker’s rights?

Susan B. Anthony.

Which amendment made women suffrage legal in the US in 1920?

The 19th amendment.

What did labor unions demand?

Increased wages and improved worker conditions.

How did government and business often respond to strikers?

Violently.

What did unions lobby for?

For laws to improve the lives of workers.

What is an example of violence between workers and government?

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877.

What economic system is based on private ownership and investment for profit?

Capitalism.

Who is the 'father' of capitalism?

Adam Smith.

What book did the 'father' of capitalism write?

The Wealth of Nations.

What argument does The Wealth of Nations present?

Capitalistic countries are wealthier than those who are not.

What should businesses do to attract customers?

Compete.

What does Laissez-Faire mean?

Hands off.

Who determines price in capitalism?

The businesses.

What positive effect did competition lead to in capitalism?

Progress.

What fueled the Industrial Revolution?

Capitalism.

What did some people see an increase in during the Industrial Revolution?

Wealth.

What is a negative aspect of capitalism during the IR?

Dissatisfaction of many poor workers with their working conditions.

Define Socialism:

A shared economic responsibility of the people for the benefit of all of society.

Who was Countess Markievicz?

An Irish politician, suffragist, and socialist who fought for Irish Independence.

What is the government's role in socialism?

Regulates the economy and provides social programs.

What is today's mixed economic system like regarding socialism?

The government regulates and allows private ownership.

Define Communism:

An economic system where the government regulates everything and everything is shared.

Who are the 'fathers' of Communism?

Karl Marx and Frederick Engels.

What two books did Marx and Engels write?

Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto.

What injustice did Communism react against during the Industrial Revolution?

Wealth imbalance between rich and poor.

What were the 'have-nots' called in communist theory?

Proletarians.

What did workers need to do to redistribute wealth, according to Communist theory?

Enact violence to the rich.

What should cease to exist under communism?

Rich and poor.

What government proved communism to not be true?

USSR.