unit 4 learning test study guide

what study demonstrates that fear can be conditioned in humans

John Watsons little Albert experiment

why would it be unlikely that a psychologist could condition a baby to fear a rat and other small animals in a research study today ?

the study violates ethical guidelines

what type of processes do contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning take into account?

cognitive processes

in ivans experiment the food was what type of stimulus ?

unconditioned

in ivans experiment in classical conditioning the dogs salivation was

unconditioned response

during spontaneous recovery what happens to the conditioned response compared to its occurrence before extinction

the CR reappears in weaker form than before extinction began

explain the process of taste aversion

a learned avoidance of a particular food that your body associates with illness

what is the contingency model of classical conditioning AND who is associated with this model

learning that states classical conditioning occurs only when one even reliably predicts another

Robert rescorlas

how does stimulus generalization occur

when an individual responds to stimuli that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus

what is spontaneous recovery

reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after sometime has passed

what is discrimination learning

organism learns to make a response in the presence of one stimulus & to make a different response to other stimuli

what is extinction AND when does it occur

the weakening of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus.

occurs when CS is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

define habituation AND give an example that best exemplifies this process

getting used to something in your environment that you stop noticing it

when you are driving at night and get used to the bright lights

what is the difference between a reflex and a response acquired through classical conditioning

a reflex doesn’t need to be tried to happen

during high order conditioning a second neutral stimulus is turned into a ___ stimulus

conditioned

what is an operant response

a response one does voluntary because in the past they got a reward for the behavior displayed

what is a situation In which a behavior or response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus

positive reinforcement

accidental timing of rewards can produce what type of behavior

superstitious bahavior

explain the difference between reinforcement nd punishment

reinforcement: increasing the behavior

punishment: decreasing a behavior

explain the difference between positive and negative reinforcement

positive: adds stimulus to the environment, and increases frequency of behavior

negative: removes stimulus from environment followed by the removal of an adverse stimulus

explain the difference between positive and negative punishment

positive: the addition of something unpleasant

negative: the removal of something pleasant

what is the goal of both positive and negative reinforcement

to increase the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated

according to Premark principle how can an undesirable activity be acquired

by engaging in a preferred activity

children given tokens for correct answers were able to trade the tokens for void games. the tokens act as what type of reinforcers

conditioned reinforces

why was BF Skinners claim that the environment determines an individuals behavior criticized

it fails to acknowledge the cognitive influences on behavior

in order to obtain the best likelihood of repeating a behavior when should a reward be presented

after the behavior

if using punishment when should the punishment be given

after a voluntary response

which partial reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction

variable ratio

responses extinguished faster when they are learned through which type of reinforcement schedule

fixed interval

a variable schedule of reinforcement will cause a behavior to increase/decrease

increase

what is essential for operant conditioning to occur

a behavioral consequence

describe the process of shaping

small progress is made in order to achieve the desired behavior

what does E L thordike law of effect explain

it explains any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stoped

what is desensitization therapy

conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object/situation, especially phobias

who is Albert bandora

social cognitive psychologist

what famous study is Albert bandora known for

bobo doll experiment

what are mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that help give rise to children’s empathy and their theory of mind

what is observational learning

learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior

observation, imitation, and modeling are concepts central to what

social learning theory

what did Albert bobo doll experiment demonstrate

demonstrated the powerful influence of observational learning on behavior

what would a social learning theorist be most likely to propose as a cause for fear of flying

if the person observed someone else’s fear of flying

when is prosocial modeling most effective

when the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson

define AND give an example of a cognitive map

internal representations of the physical characteristics of the external environment

rats may have have a cognitive may that helps them learn and remember where food is located in the maze

what is the role of biological processes in classical conditioning

certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance survival

what is latent learning

learning the occurs without reinforcement and isn’t demonstrated until an opportunity arises

who discovered latent learning

Edward tolman

a student who is overheard saying “why study there isn’t anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills” is most likely experiencing what

learned helplessness

what is problem focused coping

dealing directly with the stressful situation by reducing its demands

driving and sticking to a study plan for an exam

what is emotion focused coping

to handle the emotional aspects of stress rather than the situation

journal when you feel lonely to process your feelings

define insight learning AND give an example

occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem

looking for your car keys and not finding them but remembering the last place you had them

which ability is likely to predict good adjustment better grades and social success

self control

certain aspects are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival. what does this describe

biological processes in classical conditioning

what is biofeedback

mind body technique you se to control some of your body’s functions

heart rate, breathing

when is learned helpless most likely to result

responses have no effect on the environment