LING100 Phonetics

Phonetics

______: The study of human speech sounds

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

______: A comprehensive system for transcribing the sounds of the worlds languages

Pulmonic egressive airstream

“going out from the lungs,” used by all languages to speak, 

• Speech begins in the lungs, we need breath to make sounds

Consonants

Made with some sort of closure/obstruction in the vocal tract

• Voiced or voiceless

Vowels

No obstruction of air in the vocal tract

• Always voiced

Stop

______: Complete closure in the oral cavity

Fricative

______: Continuous airflow through narrow opening

Affricate

______: A stop released with friction (stop + fricative)

• tʃ

• dʒ

Nasal

______: A stop with air released through nasal cavity

Liquid

______: Produced with contact + free passage of air.

Glide

______: A vowel that behaves like a consonant

Bilabial

______: Sounds are made using both lips, usually the lower lip is the articulator, as it is raised to meet the upper lip

Labiodental

______: Sounds are made using the lower lip and upper teeth

Interdental

______: Sounds involve the front of the tongue against the upper teeth

• [ð] [θ]

Alveolar

______: Sounds are made at the alveolar ridge, with the tongue tip or blade

• [t] [d]

Alveopalatal

______: Sounds are made behind the alveolar ridge.

Palatal

______: Sounds are produced using the tongue body against the hard palate

• [j]

Velar

______: Sounds are produced using the tongue dorsum raised towards the velum or soft palate, its softer

• [g] [ŋ] [k]

Glottal

______: Sounds made at the glottis, which is the space between the vocal folds inside the larynx.

Nasal Sounds

• Velum is lowered

• Air flows through mouth and nose

Oral Sounds

• Velum is raised

• Air flows through mouth only

/p/

• Voiceless

• Bilabial

• Stop

/b/

• Voiced

• Bilabial

• Stop

/m/

• Voiced

• Bilabial

• Nasal

/f/

• Voiceless

• Labiodental

• Fricative

/v/

• Voiced

• Labiodental

• Fricative

/θ/

• Voiceless

• Interdental

• Fricative

/ð/

• Voiced

• Interdental

• Fricative

/t/

• Voiceless

• Alveolar

• Stop

/d/

• Voiced

• Alveolar

• Stop

/s/

• Voiceless

• Alveolar

• Fricative

/z/

• Voiced

• Alveolar

• Fricative

/n/

• Voiced

• Alveolar

• Nasal

/r/

• Voiced-retroflex

• Alveolar

• Liquid

/ʃ/

• Voiceless

• Postalveolar

• Fricative

/ʒ/

• Voiced

• Postalveolar

• Fricative

/tʃ/

• Voiceless

• Postalveolar

• Affricate

/dʒ/

• Voiced

• Postalveolar

• Affricate

/j/ JAY

• Voiced

• Palatal

• Glide

/k/

• Voiceless

• Velar

• Stop

/g/

• Voiced

• Velar

• Stop

/ŋ/

• Voiced

• Velar

• Nasal

/w/

• Voiced

• Velar

• Glide

/h/

• Voiceless

• Glottal

• Fricative

/ʔ/

• Voiceless

• Glottal

• Stop

/i/

Front

High

Unrounded

Tense

/e/

Front

Mid

Unrounded

Tense

/u/

Back

High

Rounded

Tense

/o/

Mid

Back

Tense

Rounded

/ɑ/

Back

Low

Unrounded

Tense

/aj/

diphthong

/aw/

diphthong

/oj/

diphthong

/ɪ/

Front

High

Unrounded

Lax

/ɛ/

Front

Mid

Unrounded 

Lax

/æ/

Front

Low

Unrounded 

Lax

/ʊ/

High

Back

Rounded

Lax

/ʌ/

central

mid

unrounded

lax

Stressed

/ə/

Central

Mid

Unrounded

Lax

Unstressed

Stress

______: Cover term for the combined effects of pitch, loudness, and length— the result of which is perceived as prominence

Primary stress

______: Most prominent stress, marked with acute accent [ˊ]