Lecture #9: Motives & Emotions (Chapter 11)

Motives

Internal processes that energize, direct, and sustain behavior toward a goal.

Drives

Biological urges that compel an organism to take action to satisfy a need.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

A five-tier model of human needs depicted as a pyramid, including physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

Physiological Needs

The most basic needs, such as hunger and thirst.

Safety Needs

The need for security and stability.

Love and Belongingness Needs

The need for relationships and social connections.

Esteem Needs

The need for respect and self-esteem.

Self-Actualization Needs

The need to achieve personal potential.

Biological Motives

Innate drives such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and sexual drive.

Social Motives

Needs related to social interactions, like affiliation, achievement, and power.

Physiological Motives

Motives related to biological needs like hunger, thirst, and sleep.

Hunger Influencing Factors

Hormonal signals, nutrient levels in the body, and environmental cues.

Obesity Definition

A condition where a person's body mass index (BMI) is 30 or higher.

Obesity Risk Factors

Health risks associated with obesity, including diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers.

Sleep Definition

A naturally recurring state characterized by altered consciousness and inhibited sensory activity.

Reasons for Sleep

Restoration of energy, memory consolidation, and detoxification of the brain.

Sex as Physiological Motive

Unique because it serves both a biological drive for reproduction and a social behavior influenced by emotional factors.

Parental Investment Theory

The theory that parental investment in offspring significantly influences reproductive success.

Achievement Motivation

The drive to pursue and attain goals, characterized by persistence and a desire for feedback.

Increase in Achievement Motivation

Occurs when individuals perceive success as attainable and are rewarded for their efforts.

Affiliation Motivation

The drive to seek social bonds and relationships.

Components of Emotions

Emotions consist of subjective experiences, physiological responses, and expressive behaviors.

Autonomic Nervous System Role in Emotions

Facilitates physiological responses to emotions, like increased heart rate.

Endocrine System Role in Emotions

Releases hormones that modulate emotional responses.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Proposes that emotions arise from physiological reactions.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Suggests that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously.

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

States emotions are a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

Basic Emotions Identified by Ekman

Joy, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, shame, embarrassment, contempt, and pride.

Cultural Basis of Emotional Expressions

Considered to be universal, but interpretations may vary by context.

Emotion Detection in Introverts vs. Extroverts

Extroverts are generally better at detecting emotions, while introverts may read subtle cues effectively.

Fearful Faces Recognition Bias in Abuse Survivors

Individuals may rapidly recognize fearful expressions due to hyper-vigilance.

Signs of Lying

Inconsistent facial expressions, avoiding eye contact, fidgeting, and changes in vocal pitch.