Lecture #9: Motives & Emotions (Chapter 11)
What are motives & drives?
Motives are the internal processes that energize, direct, and sustain behavior toward a goal. Drives are the biological urges that compel an organism to take action to satisfy a need.
Know Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs/motives.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory of human motivation comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as a pyramid:
Physiological Needs (e.g., hunger, thirst)
Safety Needs (e.g., security, stability)
Love and Belongingness Needs (e.g., relationships, social connections)
Esteem Needs (e.g., respect, self-esteem)
Self-Actualization Needs (e.g., achieving personal potential)
What are some examples of biological motives?
Biological motives include hunger, thirst, sleep, and sexual drive.
What are some examples of social motives?
Social motives can include the need for affiliation, achievement, and power.
What are some physiological motives?
Physiological motives are related to the body's biological needs, such as hunger, thirst, and the need for sleep.
What is hunger affected by?
Hunger is affected by a variety of factors, including hormonal signals, nutrient levels in the body, and environmental cues.
When is a person considered to be obese?
A person is generally considered obese if their body mass index (BMI) is 30 or higher.
What is obesity associated with?
Obesity is associated with various health risks, including diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.
What is sleep & how is it defined?
Sleep is a naturally recurring state of mind characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, inhibition of muscle activity, and reduced interactions with surroundings.
What are some explanations for why we sleep?
Explanations for why we sleep include restoration of energy, memory consolidation, and detoxification of the brain.
Why is sex a special case of physiological motive?
Sex is unique because it is both a biological drive necessary for reproduction and a social behavior driven by emotional and interpersonal factors.
What is parental investment theory?
Parental investment theory posits that the time and resources parents invest in raising their offspring significantly influence reproductive success and behaviors in different species.
What is achievement motivation & what are some characteristics of people with high achievement motivation?
Achievement motivation is the drive to pursue and attain goals, characterized by persistence, a preference for challenging tasks, and a desire for feedback and recognition.
When does achievement motivation increase?
Achievement motivation tends to increase when individuals perceive their success as attainable and when they are rewarded for their efforts.
What is the affiliation motivation & what does it motivate people to do?
Affiliation motivation drives individuals to seek social bonds and relationships, leading them to form connections, build friendships, and engage in group activities.
What are emotions & how are they often expressed?
Emotions are complex psychological states that involve three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. Emotions are often expressed through facial expressions, body language, and vocal tone.
What does an emotion consist of?
An emotion typically consists of subjective experience (how one feels), physiological changes (such as heart rate or hormone levels), and expressive behavior (like smiling or frowning).
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system & endocrine system in emotions?
The autonomic nervous system facilitates physiological responses to emotions (e.g., increased heart rate during fear), while the endocrine system releases hormones (like adrenaline) that further modulate emotional responses.
Be able to identify some theories of emotion.
Several theories of emotion include the James-Lange theory (emotions arise from physiological reactions), the Cannon-Bard theory (emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously), and the two-factor theory (emotions are a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling).
What are 10 basic emotions identified by Izzard?
The ten basic emotions identified by Paul Ekman include joy, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, shame, embarrassment, contempt, and pride.
Are emotional facial expressions culturally based or universal?
Emotional facial expressions are considered to be universal across cultures, although their contexts and interpretations may vary significantly.
Are introverts or extroverts better at detecting emotions? Whose emotions are easier to read?
Research suggests that extroverts tend to be better at detecting emotions due to their greater social interactions, whereas quiet individuals may struggle more but tend to read subtle cues more effectively.
What biases do people who have been abused have toward seeing fearful faces?
Individuals who have experienced abuse may exhibit a bias toward recognizing fearful expressions more rapidly and accurately, often due to hyper-vigilance developed from their experiences.
What are some visible signs of lying?
Some visible signs of lying can include inconsistent facial expressions, avoiding eye contact, fidgeting, and changes in vocal pitch.