Studied by 30 PeopleCOMPUTERS
Integral part of many activities within a Radiology Department
COMPUTERS
Used by different Radiologic Modalities to Acquire, Process & Post Process Imaging Data.
DICOM
Developed by ACR & NEMA
DICOM
A “Cooperative Standard” that allows compatibility between imaging systems, by connectivity of imaging & associated medical equipment's of different vendors
American College of Radiology
ACR
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NEMA
20
DICOM 2011 Standard is divided into _ parts
PACS
It enables integration of scanners, servers, workstation, printers, & network hardware from multiple vendors into a
DICOM
Promotes the development of PACS & Image Networking in a LAN & WAN scenario
Radiology
needs DICOM for its uniform set of rules for communication of digital images
DICOM
Provides protocols for integration of image data between modalities, devices and systems
DICOM or any electronic communication
is functionally divisible into a set of layers with each layer performing a defined set of functions
DICOM Service Class
is defined as a group of operations that a user wants to perform on data from a modality.
Print Management Service Class
that deals with printing images on film or paper printer, with flexible film formats
Storage Service Class
that implies "sending" images
Query/Retrieve Service Class
that deals with issues of "find, move and get" SOP (Service Object Pair) Classes.
find
is used to query for images
move and get
are used to commence a transfer
Other Classes of Service
include Verification Service Class, Media storage, Study content notification, Print management, Patient management, Study management, Result management, Modality Performed Procedure Step management States and Structured reporting.
DICOM Conformance
identifies specific DICOM capabilities of an equipment or medical device.
Conformance Statement
allows: “a user to determine which optional components of the DICOM Standard are supported by a particular implementation & what additional extensions or specializations an implementation adds”
Modern radiology
modalities generate an enormous amount of a variety of data.
healthcare standards
To efficiently handle the sizeable data, and to improve workflow efficiency, ___ ____ have been created.
Healthcare Standards
assists the exchange, management and integration of different medical data (including radiology), that supports patient care.
workflow
It is important to understand that Radiology requires more than DICOM for
DICOM, HL7 and IHE
Consequently, 3 Significant Health Care Standards important to a Radiologist are
DICOM
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
IHE
Integrating the Health Enterprise
HL7
Health Level Seven
Integrating the Health Enterprise
An initiative by Healthcare Professionals And Industry to improve the way computer systems in healthcare share information.
Integrating the Health Enterprise
Promotes the coordinated use of established standards such as DICOM and HL7 to address specific clinical needs in support of optimal patient care.
DICOM and HL7
Promotes the coordinated use of established standards such as ___ and ___ to address specific clinical needs in support of optimal patient care.
accordance with IHE
Systems developed in ___ ___ __ communicate with one another better, are easier to implement, and enable care providers to use information more effectively
Health Level Seven
Provides protocols for exchange, management and integration of clinical and administrative electronic health data.
Health level seven
is "an all-volunteer, not-for-profit" organization.
1987
(HL7)Formed in ___, the accepted global standard for exchange, integration, sharing and retrieval of electronic health information in hospitals.
global standard
Formed in 1987, the accepted ___ ___ for exchange, integration, sharing and retrieval of electronic health information in hospitals.
A. Improve Care Delivery B. Optimize Workflow C. Reduce Ambiguity D. Enhance Knowledge Transfer
HL7 Mission is to provide standards for interoperability that:
Clinical, Clinical Genomics, Administrative, Clinical Research, Electronic Claims Attachments, Public Health, Personal Health
Wide range of Healthcare Standards:
Health Level "Seven"
has its origins based on a Seven-layer International Organization Of Standards (ISO) Communication Model.
Layers 1-4
Deal with Communication; Comprising Physical, Data Link, Network And Transport Communication Layers.
Layers 5-7
Deal with functions like Session, Presentation & Application.
Highest Level or Seventh Level
is regarded as the Application Level, which deals with the definition of data to be exchanged
Highest Level or Seventh Level
This Level supports varied functions, such as "Security Checks, Participant Identification, Availability Checks, Exchange Mechanism Negotiations and Data Exchange Structuring".
HL7 Standards
are freely implementable, but have a strict copyright.
workflow
It is important to understand that Radiology requires more than DICOM for
DICOM and HL7
Existing standards like ___ and ___ have been established and are in place. These standards lay down that interoperability is possible.
Integrating Information Systems
in Radiology Departments can be complex.
DICOM and HL7
When standards like __ and __ are applied on ground, there are ambiguities and conflicting interpretations.
IHE
steps in to fill a gap between what is theoretically possible and what can be achieved in practice on ground in Radiology Departments.
IHE
solves issues involving "Multiple, Heterogeneous Information Systems" by way of consensus and cooperation between existing healthcare standards agencies.
IHE
It coordinates the use of established standards like DICOM and HL7 but answers issues that remain unresolved within the scope of DICOM and HL7.
Integrating The Healthcare Enterprise
The core strategy of "__ __ __ __" is integrating radiology workflow within a healthcare setup, using existing standards like DICOM and HL7.
IHE
By a "multi-year initiative that creates the framework for integrating applications, systems and settings across the entire healthcare enterprise" the IHE initiative improves workflow
A. Interoperability Problem Identification B. Integration Profile Specification C. Implementation and Testing at Connectathon D. Integration Profile Conformance Statements
IHE accomplishes this by a four stage process:
Consistent presentation of images profile which ensures images are displayed as similarly as physically possible on different displays like film on view box, workstation, or PC
Typical examples of a few successfully implemented IHE Integration Profiles in Radiology Departments include:
KEY IMAGE NOTES PROFILE
which is used for flagging images of Radiologic Procedures
Key Image
is practically useful, for example in a CT Scan of the abdomen, where out of the nearly 200 slices, useful information may be available in only four images.
four images
in a CT Scan of the abdomen, where out of the nearly 200 slices, useful information may be available in only
Flagging
of these four images enables referring clinicians across a PACS to quickly access them, thereby saving time and increasing efficiency
Scheduled Work Flow
Patient Information Integration Reconciliation
Post Processing Workflow,
Charge Posting
Simple Image And Numeric Reports
Presentation Of Grouped Procedures
Access To Radiology Information
Exception Management Workflow
Basic Security
Integration Profile
Other IHE Integration Profiles include:
RADIOLOGY
is a ubiquitous healthcare service that derives, processes, offers and distributes data in an electronic format.
DICOM, HL7 and initiatives like IHE
have been created to improve workflow efficiency in a networked radiology department, across a multivendor system environment.
DIGITAL IMAGING
Integral to current Radiology practice, wherein images are acquired, processed, post-processed and displayed, in black and white, gray scale, or colour, using binary numbers.
Digital Imaging in Radiology
The sources of ___ ___ __ ____ are very varied and diverse, when compared with other specialities.
UTZ, CR, DR, CT, MRI
They comprise imaging equipment like
digital camera or scanners, interface hardware connecting devices and computers
input devices like
output devices like
printers, monitors and video projectors.
Pixels, Gray Scale, Bit Depth, Colour & Resolution
Digital Imaging has few important performance parameters like
parameters
These ____ are distinctly different for image acquisition equipment when compared with image output and viewing devices.
WORKSTATION
‘Viewing Boxes ’ of a Modern Radiologist
WORKSTATION
They are at the very core of a Radiologist’s daily work and central to the business of manufacturing medical imaging equipment’s
workstation
The modern radiologist often reads an image at a ____, by manipulating it to extract useful information out of the voluminous dataset of a given patient from a specific modality
Image overload
is another area considered as the single biggest challenge in radiological services.
3D processing
The only method to tame this deluge of image data is to effectively use __ ___ in workstations
Placing and replicating
workstations in every modality, reading room, office, and hospital sites like Ward and ICU is not economically feasible or practical.
Thin and Thick Clients
Fundamental difference between __ and __ __ is based on the location of the software applications
NETWORK
exists when two or more computers are connected together, thereby allowing them to share data, equipment, and other digital electronic resources.
Seamless
Such '____' Workflow features in a Radiology network are made possible by means of a combination of network software and network hardware.
type of a network
The __ __ _ ____gives an idea of the size and its scale in a geographical area.
Personal Area Network
PAN
Local Area Network
LAN
Metropolitan Area Network
MAN
Wide Area Network
WAN