Neurotransmitters

Substance P

______ is released by the PNS to nerve endings in skin, mm and joints at the site of injury

Inactivation

What is the regulation process by which cells will decrease receptor activity by leaving the total number of receptors at the membrane constant but switches off (they can come back because the system has plasticity)?

Nitric Oxide

Which neurotransmitter regulates the vascular system in the periphery and also active in the brain …changes in pain perception?

AP (action potential)

Once the ________ reaches the presynaptic terminal it opens the Ca2+ channel and the influx of Ca2+ pushes the vesicles carrying the neurotransmitters out.

Noradrenergic Pathway/projections

What neurotransmitter pathway is thought to be important for learning and "plasticity "of the brain? Moves rostrally in the median Forebrain and supplies the broad areas of the cortex.

MG, Myasthenia Gravis

In ________ there is a deficiency in the number of acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junction → clinically seen as muscle fatigue w /sustained or repeated activity.

Chloride Hyper- polarization

What is it called form of inhibition is it when a neurotransmitter stimulates Cl- channel to open?

Modality-gated channels

What type of channel is activated bye physical change…ex: temperature, pressure, etc.?

Channeopathy

What type of disorder involves the dysfunction of ion channels affecting skeletal muscles cause paralysis or slow relaxation following muscle contraction?

Voltage- gated channels

What type of channel is dependent on electric current (ion flow) to be activated/open?

Less neurotransmitter are released…occurs when the axon releases neurotransmitters that hyper- polarize the second axon.

What occurs with Presynaptic Facilitation and Inhibition?

electrical charges

A neuron at rest= a capacitor, separation of the ________ on either side of the plasma membrane.

Summated

Signals are ______ and converted to an action potential (AP)

Opioid receptors

Which type of receptors inhibit pain signaling, runners high & can be activated by stress hormones?

Excitotoxicity

________= neuron dies, releases Glu→ exciting neighboring neurons, too much excitement → overwhelmed neurons die (and the cycle repeats)

Damage

________ leads to swelling and edema= pressure on all regions of the brain, lack of O2.

Serotonin

Which amine neurotransmitter affects sleep, general arousal, cognition, perception, motor activity and mood?

CNS

Substance P in the _____ is released by substantial nigra, amygdala, hypothalamus & cerebral cortex.

vesicles

The ________ will "pop" releasing the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft where they will flow and bind to its receptors on the postsynaptic cell (the dendrite)

Fat oxidation

Norepinephrine: ________, sympathetic stimulation (fight or flight)

Norepinephrine

Which amine neurotransmitter plays a vital role in active surveillance by increasing attention to sensory information?

Neuromodulators

________: alter neural function by acting away from (not directly on) the synaptic cleft.

Histamine

Which amine neurotransmitter is concentrated in hypothalamus…autonomic functions?

Specific Neurotransmitters

________: formulate different action in the nervous system.

Locus Ceruleus →

________ moves rostrally in the Median Forebrain Bundle & supply broad areas of cortex.

Disease

________ involves dysfunction of ion channels.

Indirectly

How are synaptic receptor acting if it is using a cascade of intracellular molecules to activate ion channels or other changes (multiple changes)?

Glycine

Which amino aid inhibits postsynaptic membranes, mainly in the brainstem and spinal cord?

Glutamate

Which amino acid is the primary/fast excitatory transmitter of CN? High levels -> seizures

Unequal distribution of ions

What is necessary for a neuron at rest to be excitable?

appropriate response

Modifies the job so that the muscle activity is a(n) ________.

Direct Activation of ion channels

________= ONLY ONE RESPONSE per synapse /cell.

Convergence

What is the type of neuron interaction when there are MULTIPLE INPUTS from a variety of cells terminate on a single neuron (loose one there are "backups)?

Electrical

What type of synapse mechanism is typically seen as communication through gap junctions, where we see electrical /ion flow dependent channels?

Opioid Peptides

What type of peptide is responsible for endorphins, enkephalins & dynorphins…feel good chemicals in our body?

Bouton passant

What type of synapse ending is correlated with mass communication, found in the cerebellum & other locations (memory sensors)?

Chemical

What type of synapse mechanism is where we see synaptic vesicles holding the neurotransmitters travel through the presynaptic membrane, then released into the synaptic cleft to bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane?

Presynaptic Facilitation & Excitation

________: more neurotransmitters are released …happens as the presynaptic axon releases that slightly depolarize the axon terminal on the second axon.

Terminal passant

What type of synapse ending is correlated with precision, found in motor system (1to1)?

Divergence

What type of interaction is it when a(n) single neuron with many branches that end on many cells?

Electrical Potential

________: difference in electrical charge carried by ions.

Signals

________ (neurotransmitters) enter through the dendrite and converges on the axon hillock.

Serotonin

________ plays a role sleep wake cycle and mood regulation.

ion channel

Synaptic Receptor Acts directly: the receptor and ________ make up a single functional unit.

Resting Membrane Potential

__________:Value of potential across the membrane when a neuron is not transmitting information

Electrical Potential

________: difference in electrical charge carried by ions

Ligand-gated channels

What type of channel is activated when an ion/neurotrransmitter molecule binds to a receptor on the surface of a channel?

Voltage-gated channels

What type of channel is dependent on electric current (ion flow)?

Chemical

What type of synapse mechanism do we see synaptic vesicles holding the neurotransmitters travel through the presynaptic membrane, then released into the synaptic cleft to bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane?

Electrical

What type of synapse mechanism do we see typically communicate through gap junctions, where we see electrical/ion flow dependent channels?

3 components of a chemical synapse

Presynaptic axon, presynaptic terminal, postsynaptic cell...these are _____ of _____ synapse

Excitatory

What type of neurotransmitter elicits a response?

Inhibitory

What type of neurotransmitter inhibits the response?

Presynaptic Facilitation & Excitation

__________: more neurotransmitters are released …happens as the presynaptic axon releases that slightly depolarize the axon terminal on the second axon

Presynaptic Facilitation and Inhibition

___________: less neurotransmitter is released…occurs when the axon releases neurotransmitters that hyper-polarize the second axon

Terminal passant

What type of synapse ending is associated with precision, found in motor system (1to1)?

Bouton passant

What type of synapse ending is associated with mass communication, found in the cerebellum & other locations (memory sensors)?

Convergence

MULTIPLE INPUTS from a variety of cells terminate on a single neuron (loose one there are "backups") is what type of neuron interaction?

Neuromodulators

________: alter neural function by acting away from (not directly on) the synaptic cleft

G-Protein Modulators

What type of neurons modulation is it when receptor indirectly affects ion channel activation? Can cause multiple responses in one cell.

Receptor Regulation

What type of neuromodulation is Dendrite mediated, cells regulate activity in several ways?

Grave muscle weakness (MG)

What disorder presents as fluctuating fatigue and weakness?

Removing thymus/thymectomy

What is a treatment option for MG that is done to try to induce remission?

reduces the level of antibody to ACH receptor

Plasmapheresis, corticosteroids and immunosuppressant drugs are all possible treatment options of MG that...

Fast-acting

What type of neurotransmitter acts directly by activating ion channels? ( transmission takes 1/1000 of a second)

Slow-acting

What type of neurotransmitter acts indirectly by activating proteins inside of the the postsynaptic neuron? (takes 1/10 of a second)

Synaptic Receptor Acts directly

What type of synaptic relationship is it when the receptor and ion channel make up a single functional unit?

Synaptic Receptor Act indirectly

What type of synaptic relationship is it when using a cascade of intracellular molecules to activate ion channels or other changes (multiple changes)?

Specific Neurotransmitters

______: formulate different action in the nervous system

Dopamine (DA)

Which amine neurotransmitter affects motor activity, cognition, & behavior?

Norepinephrine (NE)

Which amine neurotransmitter plays a vital role in active surveillance by increasing attention to sensory information?

Serotonin

Which amine neurotransmitter affects sleep, general arousal, cognition, perception, motor activity and mood?

Histamine

Which amine neurotransmitter is concentrated in hypothalamus…autonomic functions

Excitatory (+)

Cholinergic Pathways have what type of effect?

Excitatory (+)

Dopaminergic Pathways have what type of effect?

Noradrenergic Pathways

What type of neurotransmitter pathway is Excitatory/Mixed (+/-), starts in the locus coeruleus then move to the median forebrain bundle and supplies a broad area of the cortex? Is important for learning/plasticity of the brain.

Serotonergic Pathways

What type of neurotransmitter pathway is Excitatory/Regulatory (+/-) starts in the Raphe Nuclei and heads to the midbrain, plays a role in sleep cycle and mood regulation?

Glutamate

What is the amino acid (primary) fast excitatory transmitter of CN?

Glycine

What is the amino acid inhibits postsynaptic membranes, mainly in the brainstem and spinal cord?

GABA

What is the amino acid is responsible for slow-acting responses and is the MAIN INHIBITORY transmitter of the CN?

Opioid Peptides

Which type of neurotransmitter peptide regulates endorphins, enkephalins & dynorphins…feel good chemicals in our body?

opioid receptors

Which type of endorphins inhibit pain signaling, runners high & can be activated by stress hormones ?

Nitric Oxide

Which neurotransmitter regulates the vascular system in the periphery and also active in the brain …changes in pain perception?

Disorders of Synaptic Function, dysfunction of ion channels

Channelopathy is what?

Norepinephrine

Which neurotransmitter has the clinical application of Fat oxidation, sympathetic stimulation (fight or flight)?

Serotonin

Which neurotransmitter has the clinical application of Impulsivity, Moral Decision making, Obsessive-Compulsive?

Dopamine

Which neurotransmitter has the clinical application of Reward-seeking, Motor Control (movement), Hunger?

Norepinephrine & Serotonin

Which neurotransmitters are both have a clinical relevance to anxiety and irritability?

Norepinephrine & Dopamine

Which neurotransmitters are both have a clinical relevance to motivation and schizophrenia?

Dopamine & Serotonin

Which neurotransmitters are both have a clinical relevance to aggression and harm avoidance?

Emotion, Cognition and Mood

What is the shared clinical application of Norepinephrine, Serotonin and Dopamine?

Schizophrenia

Too much dopamine can result in...

Parkinson's

Too little dopamine can result in..

Start in the nucleus basalis and go to the Cortex & Fornix hippocampus

Cholinergic Pathways start where and go to...

Start in 2 regions, Substantia Nigra to the corpus striatum and Ventral Tegmental area to the septum, amygdala and cortex

Dopaminergic Pathways start where and go to...