Unwarranted Premises
An argument that begins from false or suspect premises
Ambiguities
When an argument could have multiple different conclusions
Begging the Question
When an argument avoids having to confront the question at hand directly
Equivocation
When a word has one or more meanings
Complex Question
Poses question that has not been proven as rhetorical
Amphiboly
Sentence can be interpreted with different meanings
False Dichotomy
Poses argument as one side or another with no middle ground
Composition
Moving something from a part to the whole illicitly
Division
Moving something from the whole to a part illicitly
Straw Man
Misinterpreting opposition’s argument to weaken it
Red Herring
An attempt to change the subject of an argument so as to not have to defend a point
Hasty Generalization, Small Sample
Illicitly generalizing from some to all, illicit because the sample is too small
Hasty Generalization, Unrepresentative Sample
Illicitly generalizing from some to all, illicit because the sample doesn't represent the population
Accident
Applying a truth about the whole to a single member of a population
Ad Hominum Abusive
Making the argument personal by attacking the opposition's persona, ideals, etc
Ad Hominum Circumstantial
Making the argument personal by attacking the opposition's motives behind the argument
Ad Hominum, Tu Quoque
Making the argument personal by calling out the opposition for being hypocritical (not practicing what they preach)
Ignorance
Fallacy in thinking no proof of X implies not X
Ad Populum
Appeal to the people, groupthink
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
Believing that temporal succession implies a causal relation: after this, therefore because of this
Appeal to Illegitimate Authority
Relying on the testimony of a false authority
Non Cause Pro Causa
Not the cause for the cause, thinking A causes B when B actually causes A
Appeal to Emotion
trying to replace the force of evidence and reasons with emotion
Oversimplified Cause
Identifying any one of many causes as the only cause
Suppressed Evidence
Deliberately omitting information that would undermine the argument
Slippery Slope
The idea that this will lead to that, which leads to another thing, and then to an extreme outcome
Appeal to Force
When an arguer resorts to threats or violence
Weak Analogy
The thinking that because A is like B, and B has the property C, A also has the property C
Missing the Point
Failing to draw the correct conclusion from the premises
Affirming the Consequent
Incorrect thinking that if A then B, and B so A
Denying the Antecedent
Incorrect thinking that if A then B and not A so not B
Disjunctive Fallacy
Assuming exclusive disjunction when it could be inclusive, based off different meanings of the word "or"
Quantifier Switching
Changing quantifier words out for each other, e.g. some, all, only
Not Hopping
Incorrectly moving the word "not" around a sentence, changing the meaning of the sentence in the process
Obscurantism
trying to makes one’s own argument appear stronger than it is using vague language