APUSH CH 9'10

turnpikes

Toll roads constructed by localities, states, and private companies that posed as the first advancement in overland transportation that facilitated the beginning of the Market Revolution.

Erie Canal

A major canal that connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie, which allowed for significant trade and transportation between the Great Lakes and New York City. Significant for giving birth to cities along the trade route, enhancing NYC as a major port of commerce, and encouraging other states to finance and construct their own canals.

telegraph

A device invented by Samuel Morse that transmits messages over electric wires using Morse code, a series of electrical pulses to represent different letters and numbers. It was significant because it made possible immediate communication nationwide. It also helped speed up the flow of information and unified prices nationwide.

squatters

Western migrants who set up farms on unoccupied land without a clear legal title. Significant because they often influenced land policies and settlement patterns in the early United States.

cotton gin

A machine invented by Eli Whitney that quickly separates cotton fibers from their seeds. Significant for making cotton production more efficient on a large scale and making it the most important export of the U.S., it also transformed the South into a cotton economy, leading to increased demand for slave labor and further expansion west into the Deep South.

Cotton Kingdom

The 19th-century South, where cotton became the dominant cash crop and economy. Significantly, slavery was reinvigorated in the Deep South as there was heavy reliance on slave labor to sustain its agricultural production, which significantly influenced social and economic structures.

slave coffles

Groups of slaves chained to one another on forced marches into the Deep South. Significant because it reflects the shift of slavery from the older slave states to the Deep South, and the destruction of African American family ties, communities, and opportunities for liberty.

John Deere steel plow

A farming implement invented by John Deere, designed to cut through tough soil and make tilling more efficient. Significant role in agricultural expansion in the Midwest, facilitating the cultivation of previously unfarmable land.

Cyrus McCormick reaper

An agricultural machine invented by Cyrus McCormick. This horse-drawn machine greatly increased the efficiency of grain farming in the 19th century, increasing agricultural output and expanding the American Midwest.

factory system

A method of manufacturing that began in the early 19th century, characterized by the concentration of labor and machines in one location. It facilitated mass production and contributed to the growth of industrial cities. It is also significant for phasing out traditional production methods and putting workers under strict supervision.

“American system of manufactures”

A system of mass manufacturing interchangeable parts that could be assembled into finished products, leading to increased production efficiency. Significant because it played a crucial role in the rise of American industry during the 19th century, which dispersed mechanical skills throughout the North.

mill girls

Young, unmarried women employed in early New England textile mills during the Industrial Revolution. They worked under constant supervision, but also gained a measure of independence and played a significant role in the labor movement. Also significant for being the first time in history large numbers of women left their homes to participate in the public world.

nativism

A political movement that protected the interests of native inhabitants over those of immigrants, and feared the impact of immigration on American political and social life. Significant because this sentiment often led to discrimination against immigrants and shaped American immigration policy.

Gibbons v. Ogden

A landmark Supreme Court case that struck down a monopoly the New York legislature had granted for steamboat navigation. This was significant because it upheld the federal government's authority to give out corporate charters and allowed for newcomer competition in the new American economy.

Charles River Bridge case

A Supreme Court case that decided against a monopoly held by the Charles River Bridge Company and affirmed the government's ability to regulate private charters to other companies. This ruling was significant for promoting economic competition and limiting corporate privileges.

manifest destiny

The belief that the U.S. had a divinely appointed mission and right to occupy all of North America. This made westward expansion justified and inevitable. This concept also greatly influenced the definition of American freedom as relating to availability of land in the West, securing the pursuit of happiness and therefore liberty.

transcendentalists

A group of New England intellectuals who emphasized individual judgment, self-reliance, and defined freedom as a process of self-realization where one can remake oneself and their life. They were significant because they influenced American thought and culture through their emphasis on individualism and simplification of life.

camp meeting

A religious gathering held in outdoor venues, where fiery revivalist preachers promoted the idea of a doctrine of human free will to diverse crowds of worshipers. These meetings were particularly popular during the Second Great Awakening and played a significant role in promoting religious revivalism and community among participants.

“self-made man”

A concept referring to an individual who achieves success through their own efforts and hard work, often embodying the ideal of personal initiative and self-reliance in pursuit of prosperity during the Market Revolution in American society. This was significant because the right for economic self-advancement and achievement became a cornerstone of American freedom.

cult of domesticity

A prevailing value system that emphasized women's role as the moral center of the family, focusing on homemaking and maintaining a supportive household. A woman was supposed to sustain non-market values like love and friendship, shielding the men from the competition of the marketplace. Significant because it showcased the belief that women should remain in the domestic sphere, shaping societal norms around gender roles, and how the Market Revolution limited women’s opportunities.

the Dorr War

A political dispute in Rhode Island where a group of reformers sought to extend voting rights to all white men, not just property owners. It involved the creation of a charter ratified by the reformers against the state's existing charter government. This was significant for illustrating the movement towards further democratization in the U.S., as the movement led the state legislature to eliminate property qualifications for all native-born men.

Democracy in America

An account of American society under political transformation in the early 1800s, written by French writer Alexis de Tocqueville. In his book, he explores how political transformation of American democracy and how it stands as a culture of individual initiative, equality, and an active public sphere. The right to vote began to define the people of the U.S. and be the mark of true liberty. It is a significant work for understanding the dynamics of American democracy and its influence on social values and practices.

“information revolution”

A movement that was a large expansion of the public sphere and an explosion in printing. Newspapers became cheaper, more diverse in their content, and more widely circulated. All sorts of reading materials proliferated, such as magazines and manuals. This was significant for promoting a more reading public and a new generation of women in the public sphere as writers and such.

“infant industries”

The new and emerging manufacturing enterprises in the American economy that required protection to grow and become competitive against low-cost imported goods. This was significant because it was used by Clay and Calhoun to justify tariffs and subsidies for domestic industries during the early stages of industrialization.

American System

A political program for economic growth based on Madison’s vision for government-promoted economic development. It included a new national bank, tariffs on imported manufactured goods to protect American industry, and a failed clause of federal funding for improved roads and canals. It was significant to help protect American industry and establish a new Bank of the United States.

internal improvements

The infrastructure construction projects, such as roads and canals. Significant because this was the third part of the American System plan that aimed to facilitate trade and connect various regions of the U.S., but was vetoed by Madison as it wasn’t an enumerated Constitutional right.

Second Bank of the United States

A national bank created to help stabilize the American economy and manage its finances, following the First Bank's charter expiration. It was a private, profit-making, currency issuing, tax collecting, debt paying government financial agent. It was significant for ensuring paper money issued at local banks had real value.

Panic of 1819

A financial crisis that started when local banks and branches of the Second Bank of the U.S. printed more money to allow for more loans due to the land boom and a high European demand for American cotton and grain. When the demand cooled, many borrowers couldn’t repay their debts and declared bankruptcy. Land also lost value, and unemployment rose. This was significant because it disrupted political harmony and led to backlash against the national bank.

McCulloch v. Maryland

A Marshall led Supreme Court case stirred up from states wanting to retaliate against the national bank by taxing its local branches. Marshall ruled that the national bank and its corporate charters were constitutional and that states couldn’t tax federal agencies, and therefore the national bank. This was significant because it went against a “strict constructionist” view of the Constitution to back up the national bank and assert its protection.

Missouri controversy

A political dispute arose from Missouri's request for statehood, which raised questions about the expansion of slavery into new territories. It was significant in leading to the Missouri Compromise, allowing Missouri to draft its own constitution, enter the Union as a slave state, and establish Maine as a free state, while prohibiting slavery north of the 36°30′ parallel in all remaining territories. The controversy also led to some shattering of the Republican party along sectional lines of the North and South.

Monroe Doctrine

A part of President Monroe’s annual message to Congress that expressed that the U.S. would oppose European colonization in the Americas, abstain from European war involvement, and warned European nations not to interfere with the new independent states of Latin America.

“spoils system”

The political practice introduced by Jackson where government jobs were awarded to supporters and allies as rewards for their political support. This system led to a lack of a privilege class of bureaucrats consistently taking office and the growth of party loyalty within the government.

Eaton affair

A political scandal led by Calhoun’s wife who ostracized Peggy Eaton, the wife of Jackson’s secretary of war because of her humble background. Jackson and Van Buren sided with Peggy. This was significant because it posed a divide between Jackson and Calhoun that would later deepen.

Exposition and Protest

A document secretly drafted by Calhoun that the South Carolina legislature used to justify nullification rights for states. Calhoun insisted that the national government was created by the states and that states could prevent federal enforcement within their borders. This was significant because it reflects Calhouns belief in increasing states’ rights and move towards enabling them to have the right to nullify.

Force Act

The Force Act, which Jackson persuaded Congress to enact, gave the president the ability to use the army and navy to collect customs duties. This act was a response to South Carolina's nullification of federal tariffs. This was significant because it demonstrated Jackson's commitment to preserving the Union and enforcing federal law and caused South Carolina to back down from their nullification.

Indian Removal Act

A law established by Jackson that provided funds for uprooting the Five Civilized Tribes of Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole from the South. This was significant because it undermined the Jeffersonian idea that natives could become “civilized.” It also caused natives to go to the courts to get save them from this relocation.

Worcester v. Georgia

A Marshall-led Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that native nations were a distinct people with the right to maintain a separate political identity and that the federal government, not the state, had the right to deal with them since their treaties were with the federal government. This was significant because it gave the natives some recognition of their rights, but was largely ignored by President Jackson, and the natives were still relocated.

the Bank War

The political struggle between Jackson and the Second Bank of the United States over the bank's power and influence. Jackson opposed the bank, viewing it as a monopoly that favored the wealthy elite and reduced the wealth of wage workers. Also paranoid that the Bank would use its resources to oppose his next election, Jackson didn’t sign to bill to extend the life of the Bank. This was significant because it showed how Jackson enhanced the power of the president and ended the National Bank, which led to an economic crash.

“hard money” v. “soft money”

The debate between two groups of "hard money," which refers to gold and silver currency and opposition to all banks, and “soft money,” which refers to printed currency that can be issued in excess by state banks. This was significant because it carried economic discussions in the 19th century, influencing monetary policy and banking practices.

“pet banks”

Local banks that Jackson deposited federal funds into were chosen based on his political and personal connections to these bank directors. This was significant because the federal government lost all of its ability to regulate state banks that issued excessive amounts of paper money, causing vast inflation and ultimately leading to an economic crash.

Panic of 1837

A major economic collapse was triggered by Jackson’s inflationary policies, land payment and British trade having to be done in gold and silver, and Britain's having less of a demand for American cotton. The panic, followed by a year-long depression, saw prices fall, businesses fail, loss of land, and unemployment. It was significant because it damaged the country’s economy significantly and caused states to separate themselves from the economy.