Protein Synthesis
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18 Terms
DNA
The double-stranded molecule in the nucleus of the cell that stores the genes, which are instructions on how to build proteins, for an organism.
RNA
A single-stranded nucleic acid that carries out instructions from DNA; contains Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T) and ribose instead of deoxyribose.
Nucleotide
The building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
Gene
A specific segment of DNA that contains the instructions to build one particular protein.
Transcription
The first step of protein synthesis where a DNA sequence is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA.
mRNA (messenger RNA)
The type of RNA that carries the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
RNA Polymerase
The enzyme responsible for reading the DNA strand and assembling the mRNA molecule during transcription.
Translation
The second step of protein synthesis where the ribosome reads mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein.
Ribosome
The organelle where protein synthesis occurs; it acts as the "construction site" for building proteins.
tRNA (transfer RNA)
The molecule that transports specific amino acids to the ribosome to be added to the growing protein chain.
Codon
A sequence of three consecutive bases on mRNA that specifies a single amino acid.
Anticodon
A sequence of three bases on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific mRNA codon.
Amino Acid
The monomer or "building block" of a protein; there are 20 different types used in living things.
Polypeptide
A long chain of amino acids linked together; it folds into a functional protein.
Peptide Bond
The specific chemical bond that joins two amino acids together during translation.
Central Dogma
The concept that genetic information flows in one direction: DNA to RNA to Protein.
Nucleus
The membrane-bound organelle where DNA is stored and where transcription takes place.
Cytoplasm
The jelly-like substance outside the nucleus where ribosomes are located and translation occurs.
Note 
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