ap human geo unit 5

Agriculture

Growing crops and raising animals for food and other products.

Agribusiness

Large companies that control farming, food processing, and food sales.

Agricultural Revolution

Major changes in farming that increased food production.

Aquaculture

Raising fish and other aquatic animals for food.

Bid-Rent Theory

Land closer to the city center is more expensive than land farther away.

Biotechnology

Using science to change plants or animals to improve them.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of people an area can support.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Americas and Europe.

Commercial Agriculture

Large-scale farming focused on selling crops for profit.

Commodity Chains

The steps a product takes from production to consumer.

Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA)

Consumers buy food directly from local farmers.

Deforestation

Cutting down forests to use land for farming or building.

Desertification

Fertile land turning into desert due to overuse or climate change.

Diffusion of Agriculture

The spread of farming practices from one place to another.

Dispersed Settlement

Homes and farms spread far apart in rural areas.

Draining Wetlands

Removing water from wetlands to use the land.

Economies of Scale

Producing more goods at a lower cost per unit.

Extensive Farming

Farming large areas with little labor or technology.

Fair Trade

A system that ensures farmers receive fair pay.

Fertile Crescent

Early farming region in the Middle East.

Food Deserts

Areas with little access to healthy, affordable food.

Food Security

Having reliable access to enough nutritious food.

Food Insecurity

Lack of reliable access to enough food.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Plants or animals changed in a lab for useful traits.

Global Food Supply Chains

Worldwide systems that move food from farms to consumers.

Green Revolution

Use of new seeds and technology to increase food production.

Hearths of Domestication

Places where plants and animals were first domesticated.

Indus River Valley

Early civilization with advanced cities and farming.

Intensive Farming

Farming small areas with high labor and technology.

Irrigation

Adding water to crops artificially.

Linear Settlement

Buildings arranged in a line along a road, river, or coast.

Local-Food Movement

Eating food grown close to where you live.

Long Lot

Long, narrow farms stretching back from rivers or roads.

Market Gardening

Growing fruits and vegetables to sell locally.

Mediterranean Climate

Hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.

Metes and Bounds

Land survey system using natural landmarks.

Organic Farming

Farming without synthetic chemicals or GMOs.

Pastoral Nomadism

Moving with livestock to find food and water.

Rural Survey Methods

Ways land is divided, such as metes and bounds or township and range.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Farming improvements during the Industrial Revolution.

Shifting Cultivation

Farming a plot briefly, then moving to new land.

Slash-and-Burn

Clearing land by cutting and burning vegetation.

Soil Salinization

Salt buildup in soil that damages crops.

Subsistence Agriculture

Growing food mainly to feed your family.

Sustainability

Using resources without harming future generations.

Terraces

Step-like fields built on hillsides.

Township and Range

Grid-based land survey system used in the U.S.

Urban Farming

Growing food inside cities.

Value-Added Specialty Crops

Farm products made more valuable through processing.

Von Thünen model

explains land use patterns in concentric rings around a central market