Nutrition Final

What is the term for the sum of all chemical reactions in the body?

Metabolism

Inborn errors of metabolism are the result of genetic defects. What other term is given to this type of condition, which is caused by a deficiency or absence of one or more enzymes needed for metabolic pathways to function properly?

Inherited metabolic disease

In order for cells to use nutrients for energy, they must first be converted to which of the following?

ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation is responsible for approximately what percentage of ATP production using the electron transport chain?

90%

One way that glucose can produce ATP is through which metabolic pathway?

Glycolysis

When triglycerides are broken down via lipolysis, which of the following are produced?

Glycerol and fatty acids

When glucose levels are low, such as during starvation or type 1 diabetes, the body provides another source of energy. What is the name given to this process, which only occurs in the liver?

Ketogenesis

Ketogenesis can provide an important source of energy when glucose is not found in sufficient quantities in the body. Where in the body does this process occur?

Liver

Dietary nutrients are absorbed during which physiological state?

Fed state

The body is able to store excess energy during times of food abundance, and also able to conserve body mass by using energy sparingly during times of food scarcity. Collectively, these adaptive physiological mechanisms are known as what?

Starvation response

What may be the single most important factor that governs energy metabolism?

Energy availability

What condition is caused by ketone production exceeding ketone use, which in severe cases can lead to complications such as nausea, coma, and possibly death?

Ketosis

A ketogenic diet has been shown to be helpful in children with which illness when medical intervention has been unhelpful?

Epilepsy

How many calories are found in a gram of alcohol?

7 kcal

Chronic, heavy alcohol consumption can lead to which condition, characterized by an enlarged and inflamed liver resulting in liver cell death?

Alcoholic hepatitis

Juan's energy intake does not equal his energy output. Juan is in which energy state?

Energy imbalance

What is the largest endocrine organ in the body?

Adipose Tissue

Julia has just eaten dinner and is feeling full and satisfied with the food she has consumed. Julia is in which physiological state?

Satiety

Which hormone stimulates food intake and is referred to as the "hunger hormone"?

Ghrelin

According to some experts, what percentage of body fat for women would indicate obesity?

Over 33%

Which of the following is not a factor influencing basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Blood type

Obesity does NOT increase the risk for which of the following health problems?

Type 1 diabetes

Diego and his friends are taking nutrition class and are confused about the terms overweight and obese. Diego's friend Hanna tells them that "obese" is a term given to a person having excess fat, while "overweight" is a term given to a person who has which of the following is in excess?

Weight

Only 3% of adults in the United States were considered overweight or obese in the 19th century. Today, what percentage of adults are classified as obese?

42%

Which hormone is produced primarily by adipose tissue and plays a role in regulating body weight?

Leptin

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has given which term to communities where processed foods are more readily available than healthy foods?

Food swamp

What theory deals with the body's feedback hormonal control system that regulates body weight by adjusting food intake (hunger and satiety), energy expenditure, or both?

Set point theory

What is the most important reason for people to lose weight?

To improve health

Current recommendations suggest that 45% to 65% of calories should come from carbohydrates. What percentage of carbs makes up low-carb diets?

5% to 20%

Which of the following is not an example of disordered eating behavior?

Consistent physical activity

Approximately what percentage of American adults and youths are not meeting the recommended guidelines for physical activity?

80%

Research has shown that as little as how many minutes of sustained physical activity on most days can substantially improve health and quality of life?

30 minutes

Which of the following is not a benefit of exercise on health and fitness?

Decreased HDL cholesterol

How many basic components are there of physical fitness?

5 components

People expend approximately how much of their total daily energy intake on physical activity?

15%-30%

Chloe often consumes sport products during her workouts. Along with providing an additional source of fluid, she intentionally selects products that contain which specific carbohydrate, since this carbohydrate is already in the most easily absorbable form and does not cause her to have GI distress?

Glucose

Which of the following pathways does not require oxygen for ATP production?

Phosphagen system

As a result of Chloe's exercise routine, her muscles are becoming larger and stronger, which is known as which of the following?

Hypertrophy

If Chloe would like to increase her glycogen storage capacity through glycogen supercompensation methods, it is recommended that she begin to taper her workout intensity approximately how many hours before her competition while also increasing her carbohydrate intake?

36-48 hours

Which mineral is needed by athletes to build and repair bone tissue?

Calcium

Heat stroke occurs when what percentage of body weight is lost due to sweating?

7% to 10%

Which of the following is not part of the syndrome referred to as the female athlete triad?

Iron-deficiency anemia

Glycogen supercompensation also popularly known as which of the following?

Carbo loading

What is the name of the time period following exercise during which one should amplify muscle protein synthesis through ingestion of dietary protein?

Anabolic window

Chloe has heard that deaths have been associated with which ergogenic aid?

Ephedrine

Which of the following is not a property of water-soluble vitamins?

High does are generally toxic

Adding vitamin D to milk during processing results in milk that is known as which of the following?

Fortified

Pork, fish, and whole grains are sources of which water-soluble vitamin?

Thiamin

Which B vitamin received its name because of its yellow color?

Riboflavin

Pellagra was once endemic in some portions of the southern United States where which food item was the primary source of protein in the diet?

Corn

Burning feet syndrome has historically been thought to be due to which B vitamin?

Pantothenic acid

What is the name of the vitamin B6 deficiency resulting from insufficient heme production?

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

Which of the following is the B vitamin obtained from bacteria in the large intestine and was discovered while researching "egg white injury"?

Biotin

Folate is found abundantly in which food?

Green leafy plants

Which of the following is the B vitamin that is not made by plants or higher animals but by microorganisms?

B12

In humans, fruit bats, and guinea pigs, which water-soluble vitamin is an essential nutrient?

Vitamin C

Vitamin C protects the body from highly reactive molecules, which are known as what?

Free radicals

Which of the following foods is not a good source of ascorbic acid (vitamin C)?

Lean beef

Elijah's diet lacks variety and balance. What could he consume to help ensure he is getting all the nutrients he needs?

Dietary supplements

Which term on a supplement label should Elijah be skeptical about in relation to its truthfulness or safety?

Natural

Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins requires the action of bile and the presence of which of the following?

Dietary lipids

Since the body can store most fat-soluble vitamins, consuming large amounts of vitamin supplements containing the fat-soluble vitamins can lead to which of the following?

Toxicity

Besides growth and reproduction, vitamin A is needed for which of the following?

Vision

Which food item does not contain preformed vitamin A?

Produce

Vitamin A toxicity, called hypervitaminosis A, can develop from consuming how many times the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of preformed vitamin A?

3-4 times the RDA

Which fat-soluble vitamin is considered to be conditionally essential because it can be produced by the body?

Vitamin D

Approximately how many minutes of midday sun at least twice a week will provide enough Vitamin D3 for most people?

5-30 minutes

Which of the following foods has the lowest amount of vitamin E per serving?

Beef

What is the primary function of vitamin E?

Serves as an antioxidant

Which fat-soluble vitamin is named for its role in coagulation? 

K

Which food group(s) contain antioxidant carotenoids that might lower the risk of some chronic diseases?

Fruits and vegetables

Which of the following is not a good source of vitamin D?

Broccoli

Sources of vitamin K include all except which of the following?

Citrus fruits

Which disease can occur when there is an imbalance of cell growth and a disruption of cell death?

Cancer

Parker is taking a nutrition class and he is surprised to learn that drinking alcohol has been shown to be a cause of 7 different types of cancer. However, moderate alcohol consumption has been shown to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. Two drinks per day is the recommended limit for males. A drink is defined as 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of distilled spirits such as gin or vodka. If Parker consumes his recommended daily limit of vodka, how many ounces of alcohol will he have consumed?

3 ounces

What term is given to minerals that are needed for health and that the body cannot make?

Essential nutrients

In contrast to vitamins, minerals are categorized on what basis? 

The body’s requirement

Where is more than 99% of the body's calcium found?

Skeleton

The major dietary contributor of calcium in the typical American diet is which of the following?

Dairy products

Which of the following is not a critical role of phosphorus?

Muscle contraction

Good dietary sources of magnesium include all of the following except which of the following?

Refined foods

A teaspoon of salt contains how much sodium?

More than 2,000 mg

Deficiencies of sodium and chloride are rare and are most likely to occur due to all but which of the following?

Excess intake

High levels from supplementation of which mineral can cause heart problems, including cardiac arrest?

Potassium

Approximately what percentage of the adult body is composed of water?

50%-70%

Which mineral is not needed by the body to regulate water?

Selenium

Imani has learned that water not only comes from beverages but also comes from food. What percentage of Imani's water intake comes from food?

20%

To prevent dehydration during physical activity, how often is it recommended that water be replenished for children?

Every 20 minutes

Healthy People 2030 has identified the prevention of bone disease as one of its major goals. Bone disease is also known by which term?

Osteoporosis

Which macronutrient is most important for bone health?

Protein

In which organ are all trace minerals primarily absorbed?

Small intestine

Trace minerals are obtained from plant and animal sources. Their bioavailability can be influenced by all except which of the following factors?

Transportation mode

What is the name given to the genetic condition that can cause iron toxicity?

Hereditary hemochromatosis

What is the most important factor determining the bioavailability of iron?

Its form

Josiah often consumes antacids for his GERD. The bioavailability of which trace mineral is affected by his use of antacids?

Copper

Which trace mineral is responsible for regulating thyroid hormones?

Iodine

Iodine and which other trace minerals are regulated primarily by the kidneys via loss in the urine?

Selenium

Vitamin C enhances the bioavailability of iron and which other micronutrient?

Chromium

What percentage of manganese is absorbed in the small intestine no matter how much is ingested?

<10%

Which trace mineral is involved in drug detoxifying?

Molybdenum