india test

Importance of Geography

**Subcontinent**

good farming

**Mountains**

Himalayan mountains

for protection from different types of weather

Desserts

Thar Desserts (provide minerals and a wide range of opportunities) Occupy the lower part of the indus valley

not enough rain

yearly floods

Subcontinent

large landmass that forms a distinct part of the continent

monsoon

a wind that shifts in a different direction at certain times of each year

They are unpredictable

They can cause serious floods and famine

vedas

large body of texts that originated in India (ancient)

they have prayers, hymns, spells, and rituals

it was used as a foundation of hinduism

varnas

skin color (caste system)

caste system

mouth : Brahmins (Priest)

arms: Kshatriyas (kings/rulers, warriors)

legs: Vaishya (merchants, landowners, skilled workers, craftsman)

feet: Shudras (unskilled workers, servants, farmers, laborers)

untouchables: Dalites (street sweepers, deal with human and animal waste, deal with dead bodies)

Jati

biological family

system of extended families in a specific area that carries out a specific function in society

sanskrit

indo-aryan language that is the classical language of India and Hinduism

sanskrit influenced many Indian languages

nirvana/enlightment

When the soul becomes one with Brahman

Nirvana is a state of enlightenment

once you have good karma, you can go to nirvana

karma

actions in this life that will affect your next life

Once you have good karma, you can go to Nirvana

Karma decides were you go in your next life

dharma

your moral and religious duties as an individual

your dharma depends on your family, livelihood, etc

in order to have good karma, u need to fulfill your dharmas

samsara

reincarnation

keeping our souls trapped in this world

this happens because you didn’t have good karma to go to Nirvana

moksha

when you get released from reincarnation (the cycle of rebirth)

union with the universe

brings you to nirvana

atman

all living things have a soul or spirit

in animals and humans

ahisma

non-violence

the 4 noble truths

1. all life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow
2. the cause of suffering is desire for things such as riches, power, and long life
3. the only cure to suffering is to break the cycle and overcome desire
4. the way to overcome desire is following the 8 fold path

8 fold paths

right beliefs or view

right alms or intentions

right speech

right conduct or action

right work or livelihood

right effort

right thinking or mindfulness

right concentration

stupas

buddhist relics

practice for ==Buddhist==

important form of art in buddhism

harappa

indigenous people

from the north

earthquakes ended the civilization

theocracy (the government is led by religious leaders)

Indo Europeans

Indo Aryans

IE:

nomadic animal herders

dry grasslands (steppes)

migration

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IA:

vedas

varnas

kingdoms

Hitties

located in asia minor

controlled babylon

fought with egypt over syria

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iron weapons and chariots

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hindu gods

brahman (supreme spirit)

brahma: creator

shiva: destroyer

vishnu: preserver

sikhism (ID)

originates in Punjab region

founder was Guru Nanak (disappeared in river and came back 3 days after saying he talked with God)

Mughal Empire

monotheistic

Akal Murak: God

Jainism (ID)

part of hinduism

founder: Mahavira

everything in the universe has a soul (wear masks while sweeping bugs)

non violence

few efforts to convert followers

Buddha/Siddharthan Gautama

Founder of Buddhism (Hindu)

NOT A PROPHET (only a man)

Born in northern india

prince and lived in a kingdom (Lived life in luxury but didn’t like it bec he wasn’t allowed outside)

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He married his cousin and left palace life at 29

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3 passing rights (sick, dead, holy)

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achieved Nirvana (aye)

bodhisattvas

monks

A person who is able to achieve Nirvana but delays doing so out of pity in order to save suffering beings

Dali Lama

Religious Leader (like the pope) of the Buddhist Mahayana Act

everyone is related

Bodhisattvas

Origins of Hinduism

No one founder

Indus River Valley

1600 BC

wanted a common shared worldview

freeing souls from illusions, disappointment and mistakes in every day lives (pur)

origins of buddhism

Siddharatha Gautama

India

6th century

SG left his kingdom life to peruse life of enlightenment

how did Buddhism faith spread?

laborers and craftspeople (bec of caste system awh awh awh)

Monks, nuns, and missionaries built monasteries

trade routes (silk road, sea trade, banking)

similarities and differences of Hindu and Budd

sims

Originated in india

both want to achieve Nirvana

reincarnation

cremation

atman

ahisma

veggie ppl🍆

meditation 🧘

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difs

Hindu dont have no single founder

Budd doesn’t use caste

Budd has 8 fold paths and 4 nob truths

Budd doesn’t have gods

how hindu spead?

indo aryan migrated to indus valley

culture and language was blended with indigenous ppl

indian traders established marketing center on their routes

Dhamapada

collected works of Buddhas saying

Sutras

Buddhism sacred texts

what was unique about the early indian civilization’s language

they weren’t able to decipher it (no name of the language)