Bio 2b quiz

DNA

A molecule that carries genetic information, consisting of nucleotides as its monomers.

Semi-conservative replication

A method of DNA replication where each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand.

S phase of the cell cycle

The phase during which DNA replication occurs.

Helicase

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication.

DNA polymerase

An enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand.

DNA replication

The process by which a cell copies its DNA before cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives an accurate copy.

Mutations

Changes in the DNA sequence that can occur during DNA replication, including substitutions, insertions, and deletions.

Haploid

A cell with one complete set of chromosomes (n), such as gametes.

Diploid

A cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes (2n), typical of somatic cells.

Homologous chromosomes

Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content.

Sister chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome linked by a centromere, relevant during cell division.

Cell differentiation

The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type, closely related to mitosis.

Mitosis

A process of cell division resulting in two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four haploid gametes.

Crossing over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, important for genetic diversity.

Karyotype

A visual representation of the chromosome arrangement in a cell, used to identify chromosomal mutations.

Dominant allele

An allele that expresses its trait even in the presence of another allele.

Recessive allele

An allele that expresses its trait only when two copies are present.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual organism.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics or traits of an organism.

Punnett square

A grid used to predict the genotypes of offspring from parental genetic combinations.

X-linked recessive disorder

A genetic condition whose gene is located on the X chromosome, often more frequent in males due to their single X chromosome.

Mutagen

An agent that can cause changes or mutations in DNA.

Environmental influence on genes

The effect of environmental factors on gene expression and phenotype.

Gel electrophoresis

A technique used to separate DNA fragments by size to analyze genetic information.