Bio 2b quiz

1. What is the monomer of DNA?

2. Can you model semi-conservative DNA replication?

3. What phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?  

4. Helicase and DNA polymerase in  DNA  - what is the role of each?  

5. Why must a cell copy DNA prior to cell division? 

6. What types of mutations or 

errors can occur with DNA replication?

MITOSIS   and  MEIOSIS

Terminology:  Haploid, gamete, 2n, n, somatic cell, diploid, homologous chromosomes, chromatid, cell cycle, G1, S, G2, M, mitosis, meiosis I, meiosis II, spindle fibers. 

1. How are the goals of mitosis and meiosis different?  What types of cells are produced? 

2. What are homologous chromosomes? What makes them homologous? 

3. How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do human cells have? What are autosomes?

4. What are sister chromatids? When are chromatids relevant to cell division? 

5. What happens if mitosis is unregulated? (Note: Thankfully, programmed cell death (apoptosis) occurs in an effort to destroy abnormal cells. 

6. What is cell differentiation and how does it relate to mitosis?  HASPI  Cell division occurs for growth and development, regeneration or repair, replacement of cells in those that “turn over”.  

1. What are the stages of mitosis and meiosis? (see PPT)

2. Compare Metaphase of mitosis and Metaphase I of Meiosis I.  

3. Can you differentiate between models/images of cells undergoing mitosis vs. meiosis? 

4. What are the major differences between meiosis I and meiosis II? 

5. What is crossing over and when does it occur and why is it important?

6. What is the difference between a haploid and diploid cell?  

7. What step(s) of meiosis are important in creating variation in haploid cells?

8. Why is it critical that gametes are haploid (n) and not diploid? 

9. Karyotypes

   1. How can a karyotype help to identify chromosomal mutations? 

   
   

   2.  How does someone with Downs Syndrome end up with an extra chromosome 21 and how does this relate to meiosis? 

   
   

   3.  Is the Karyotype a male or female? How do you know?  Use the link and click “start interactive”.  This is a great interactive that discusses mutations. 

   
   
   

   Genetics/Inheritance (Mendelian Genetics & Non-Mendelian Genetics)

   4. What is genetics? 

   5. What are dominant vs recessive alleles? 

   6. Differentiate between heterozygous, homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant. 

   7. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? 

   8. Can you use a punnett square to predict proportions of individuals that result from a cross between two parents? 

   9. Cross a parent who is a carrier for albinism with a parent who is homozygous dominant.

     What is the likelihood of having a child with albinism?  A child who is a carrier? 

   A = normal 

   a = albino 

   10. Discuss and/or identify patterns of non-Mendelian genetics: Co-dominant, incomplete dominance, sex-linked traits. 

   11. Does or can the environment affect our genes or genotype?  Explain.

   12. Can the environment affect phenotype?  Explain. 

    *See PPT

   
   
   

   Pedigrees

   13. Can you interpret a pedigree and determine the pattern of inheritance and genotypes of individuals? 

   
   

   14. Can you use a pedigree to trace the path of a mutation through multiple generations?  What is the genotype of individual III-4 in the pedigree at right? 

   
   

   15. X-linked recessive disorders occur more frequently in males, why? 

   
   

   16. Recessive conditions often skip a generation in a pedigree. Dominant conditions often occur in each generation.  PPT

   
   
   

   Protein Synthesis (video embedded):   Relationship of mutations…to proteins… to traits. 

   17. How does DNA relate to proteins?  How do proteins relate to traits? 

   18. How are traits passed on from parent to offspring?  Do parents pass proteins to their children? 

   19. What role do mutations play in protein synthesis and how does this relate to an organism’s traits? 

   20. Do all mutations affect protein synthesis? 

   21. What is genetic transformation?  What organism did we transform in the pGlo lab and what “new” gene(s) did we add? 

   22. How did we alter the phenotype of bacteria in the pGlo lab? 

   23. What was the purpose of arabinose in the lab?  

   Note: Environmental pressures like UV light, chemicals, radiation can alter phenotype too.   

   24. How can gel electrophoresis be used to examine genotypes and determine phenoytpes?