AP psych unit 9

attribution theory

theory that we explain someones behaviors by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition

fundamental attribution error

we attribute the behaviors of others differently than we do ourselves; overestimate dispositional factors

self serving bias

tendency to attribute our own success to personal characteristics and failures to external forces

false consensus effect

tendency to overestimate the extent to which our own opinions are typical of other

just world hypthesis

false idea that the world is fair

ex; karma & victim blaming

confirmation bias

tendency to find, favor, and recall info that confirms/ supports beliefs & values

halo effect

tendency for positive impressions of a person in one area to positively influence ones opinion in another area

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation or prediction becomes true simply because we believe it

cognitive dissonance

believing one thing but doing another

elaboration likelihood model

someone who thinks ab a particular item a lot doesn’t easily change their mind

ex; polar bears arent real

central route to persuasion

requires thought + deep processing of content; more likely to result in lasting change of behavior

ex; infomercial

peripheral route to persuasion

requires less thought + involves emotion, changes attitude fast but is not likely to result in lasting change

foot in the door phenomenon

following a small request w a big one

ex; asking for 5$ early in the week, and then asking for 10 later in the week

door in the face phenomenon

following a bug request w a smaller, much more reasonable one

ex; can i have 1000$, oh wait i meant 20

norm reciprocity

tendency of people to feel obligated to return favors

ex; gift giving

conformity

yielding to group pressures

automatic mimicry

unconsciously imitating others expressions, postures, and voice tones

compliance

changing behavior while still internally disagreeing w the group

normative social influence

influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informational social influence

change in behavior bc of evidence, info, knowledge from others

social role

set of expectations for how and indv should behave in a social situation

ex; if you are a parent you are expected to make sure you’re child acts right

social norm

unwritten rules snd expectations that dictate how indvs should behave in a particular situation

ex; you wait to be seated at a resteraunt

diffusion of responsibility

when people feel less responsibility to take the right action when people are present

deindividuation

temporary loss of self awareness and restraint in crowds

ex; moshpits

bystander effect

people are less likely to help when in a large crowd

ex; “someone else will do it”

social loafing

tendency to put in less effort when apart of a group

ex; group projects

social facilitation theory

the presence of other will positively effect performance due to arousal; only works if it is a well practiced skill

ex; professional sports players

social impairment

indv performance suffers when being watched if it is not a well practiced skill

group polarization

tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions & opinions than they would indv

groupthink

ppl strive for consensus within a group & set aside personal beliefs

social trap

situation which a group of people act to obtain short-term indv gains, leading to a loss for the group

ex; 6ix9ine

prisoners dilemma

snitching to the DA to get a better deal (you get reduced sentence, but you betrayed your friend)

in-group

any social social group a person identifies as belonging to

out group

anyone who does not share the same characteristics

ex; us vs them

ultimate attribution error/ group serving bias

viewing in group actions more positively than out group actions

out group bias

perceive members of in-group as unique and member of out group being “all the same”

ex; basic white girls

social bias

predisposition for or against an indv/ group

stereotypes

classifying people into categories based on biases

ex; all asians are smart

prejudices

unjustifiable & usually negative attitudes towards a group

ex; the new generation is full of lazy bums

discrimination

treating other people differently

scapegoat theory

theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

other-race effect

tendency to reca faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races

ethnocentrism

judging other peoples cultures based on preconceptions of our own cultures

mirror image perception

view other person as hostile/ evil and view themselves as peaceful/ good

ultimate attribution error

determining only bad acts from out groups are caused by internal attributes and that good acts are an exception

subordinate goal

goals that both parties want to achieve

mere-exposure effect

the more you are exposed to something, the more you will grow to like it

hostile aggression

causing physical or emotional harm to someone

instrumental aggression

goal is to aquire smt

ex; bully gets lunch money

frustration aggression principle

feeling frustrated when efforts to reach a goal are blocked

altruism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

altruistic norms

acting on behalf of group rather than self interest

social responsibility norm

expectation that people help others even at the cost to themselves

halo effect

thinking attractive people are nice and smart & vice versa

similarity

you are more likely to be attracted to people w similar values/ bgs

proximity

we are more likely to be attracted to people near us

self disclosure

gradually revealing personal info

intimacy

feelings of closeness, connectedness, & bondedness

passion

desires leading to physical attraction, romance,

commitment

remaining w someone & move toward shared goal

compaionate love

deep affection and attraction for someone

consumate love

ideal relationship made up of all 3 vectors

social exchange theory

idea that social relations are an exchange in which a participant tries to maximize benefits & minimize cost

ex; contemplating wether to get late points off on HW or turn it in half finished

phillip zimbardo

• prison experiement

• power dynamic

grit

perseverance

solomon asch

• conformity experiment

  • would ppl give the wrong answer js bc evb else was

leon festinger

• social psychologist

• cognitive dissonance

stanley milgrim

• social psychologist

• milgrim shock experiment

  • studied obidence; would people simply follow orders