Chp 8 Politics: Cooperation, Conflict, and Power Relations

Marshall Sahlins and Elman Service

Marshall Sahlins and Elman Service

________ (1960) developed a sociopolitical typology of bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states.

Napoleon Chagnon

________ (1968) published a famous ethnography of the Yanomamo of Brazil called The Fierce People, in which he documents Yanomamo aggressiveness and violence.

Adjudication

________- the legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision.

Chiefdoms and states

________ are centralized political systems, where a few individuals and institutions hold power and control over resources.

John Locke

________ (1632- 1704) argued that chaos is avoidable with a "social contract "that recognizes individual rights, still a central tener of many societies.

David Horn

________ (1994) used the concept of structural power to trace a rise in Italian appearance of state intervention in healthcare decisions and management of the body.

Negotiation

________- a form of dispute management in which the parties themselves reach a decision jointly.

North Americans

________ are culturally primed to view disputes (and sporting events) in terms of winners and losers.

material goods

Disputes may arise over many things: political power, ________, property, decision- making, social relations, etc.

Culture

________ shapes what people consider "legitimate "violence and how, why, and when they use it as a form of power relations.

Mediation

________- the use of a third party who intervenes in a dispute to help the parties reach an agreement and restore harmony.

everyday social relations

For anthropologists, politics is not simply formal state institutions but how people manage their ________ through persuasion, force, violence, and control over resources.

Politics

________- those relationships and processes of cooperation, conflict, social control, and power that are fundamental aspects of human life.

Structural functionalists

________ argued that belief in witchcraft, and the fear it provoked, operated as a rudimentary criminal justice system- all without formal laws.

Anthropology

________ looks at political systems more broadly than popular conceptions of politics, way beyond Western democracy to every form of political organization thats ever been tried.

Gender

________ plays a role in political power.

neo evolutionists

In the 1940s and 1950s, American anthropologists called ________ sought to classify political systems.

Violence

________ is the use of force to harm someone or something.

English philosopher Thomas Hobbes

________ (1588- 1679) famously called life without formal political control "nasty, brutish, and short ..

strategic political tool

In truth, violence is often used as a(n) ________.

Tribe

________- a type of pastoralist or horticulturist society with populations usually numbering in the hundreds or thousands in which leadership is more stable than that of a band, but usually egalitarian, with social relations based on reciprocal exchange.

Band

________: a small, nomadic, and self- sufficient group of anywhere between 25 and 150 individuals with face- to- face social relationships, usually egalitarian.

Government

________- a separate legal and constitutional domain that is the source of law, order, and legitimate force.

Food sharing

________ was the major organizational principle, and failure to share could result in shaming, ostracism, or banishment.

Formal techniques

________ involve institutions or specialists: adjudication, negotiation, and mediation.

Acephalous society

________- a society without a governing head, generally with no hierarchical leadership.

State

________: the most complex form of political organization, associated with societies that have intensive agriculture, high levels of social stratification, and centralized authority.

Centralized political system

________- a(n) political system, such as a chiefdom or a state, in which certain individuals and institutions hold power and control over resources.

Anthropologist Maxwell Owusu

________ has spent decades researching political power in the aftermath of colonialism and shows how leaders of nation- states can co- opt local political actors to extend their control.

structural-functionalism

Colonial studies produced ________: an anthropological theory that the different structures or institutions of a society (religion, politics, kinship, etc .)

Chiefdom

________: a political system with a hereditary leader who holds central authority, typically supported by a class of high- ranking elites, informal laws, and a simple judicial system, often numbering in the tens of thousands with the beginnings of intensive agriculture and some specialization.

Violence

________ is articulated in specific cultural and historical contexts.

Structural functionalism

________- an anthropological theory that the different structures or institutions of a society (religion, politics, kinship, etc .)