A+P module 3

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 103

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

104 Terms

1

alimentary canal

the GI tract, a continuous muscular digestive tube

New cards
2

accessory digestive organs

teeth, tongue, gall bladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

New cards
3

The tongue’s attachments

hyoid bone, the mandible, and the lingual frenulum

New cards
4

mastication

food being chewed by the teeth in the mouth

New cards
5

root of the tooth

largest portion, in the jaw bone

New cards
6

neck of the tooth

in the gums

New cards
7

crown of the tooth

visible portion above the gums

New cards
8

tooth pulp cavity

center, contains nerves and blood vessels

New cards
9

dentin

bone-like substance composing most of each tooth

New cards
10

enamel

surface of the tooth, hard connective tissue that protects the rest of the tooth

New cards
11

bolus

a compact mass of food

New cards
12

papillae

bumps on the tongue, circumvallate, fungiform, and filiform

New cards
13

circumvallate and fungiform

contain taste buds

New cards
14

mucosa

secretes mucus into the interior the gastrointestinal tract

New cards
15

submucosa

contains blood and lymph vessels, lymph nodes, nerves, and mucous glands

New cards
16

muscularis externa

two layers of muscle: the outer longitudinal fibers and inner circumferential fibers

New cards
17

serosa

cells that make serous fluid

New cards
18

Cardiac Sphincter

where food enters the stomach from the esophagus. (also called lower esophageal or gastrointestinal)

New cards
19

pyloric sphincter

where food exits the stomach to the small intestines

New cards
20

lesser omentum

attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

New cards
21

greater omentum

attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior wall of the abdomen, covering the transverse colon and anterior surface of the small intestines

New cards
22

cardia

part of the stomach where the food enters from the esophagus

New cards
23

fungus

dome-shaped top of the stomach just under the diaphragm

New cards
24

body

wider midportion of the stomach

New cards
25

pyloric region

funnel-shaped end of the stomach

New cards
26

rugae

folds within the stomach wall, which allows the stomach to expand when it is full

New cards
27

purposes of the stomach

1) temporary food storage

2) mechanical food breakdown

New cards
28

oblique layer

third layer in the muscularis externa to allow mixing of food and juices easier

New cards
29

ulcer

an open sore in the wall caused by the gradual disintegration of tissues

New cards
30

chyme

stomach contents, thick soupy substance

New cards
31

ileocecal valve

controls the entrance to the large intestine

New cards
32

duodenum

first and shortest section of the small intestine, where enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver enter the small intestine

New cards
33

jejunum

second section of the small intestine

New cards
34

ileum

final section of the small intestine, slightly longest

New cards
35

circular folds

increase surface area of the wall's mucous membrane

New cards
36

villi

small finger-like projection, absorb a huge number of molecules.

New cards
37

microvilli

smaller projections off of the villi

New cards
38

lacteal

lymphatic vessels, transports molecules that are too large after reassembling

New cards
39

capillary beds

where sugars and amino acids are absorbed

New cards
40

intestinal enzymes

remain attached to the plasma membrane of microvilli, complete the digestion of peptides and sugars.

New cards
41

parts of the large intestine

cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal

New cards
42

cecum

entrance to the large intestine through the ileocecal valve

New cards
43

appendix

hangs from the cecum and is usually twisted

New cards
44

ascending colon

runs along the right side of the abdomen superiorly

New cards
45

transverse colon

runs across the abdomen, connected with the hepatic flexure

New cards
46

descending colon

runs along the left side of the abdomen superiorly, connected with the splenic flexure

New cards
47

sigmoid colon

travels through the pelvis connecting with the rectum

New cards
48

internal sphincter

involuntary smooth muscle

New cards
49

exernal sphincter

voluntary skeletal muscle

New cards
50

intestinal bacteria

produces vitamin K and certain B vitamins

New cards
51

feces

75% water, intestinal bacteria, undigested plant material, fats, waste products (such as bile pigments), inorganic material, mucus, and dead cells from the intestinal lining.

New cards
52

pancreas

lies deep in the abdominal wall, sends pancreatic juice into the duodenum by the pancreatic duct

New cards
53

pancreatic juice

contains sodium bicarbonate to neutralize chyme and make the pH of the small intestine slightly basic, travel to the duodenum

New cards
54

Pancreatic amylase

digests starch to maltose

New cards
55

trypsin and other enzymes

digest protein to peptides

New cards
56

lipase

digests fat droplets to glycerol and fatty acids

New cards
57

function of the liver

produce bile, stores glucose as glycogen, produces urea

New cards
58

bile

stored in the gallbladder, sent to small intestine to emulsify fats, looks green, contains bile salts, breaks down fat into smaller pieces and is needed for the absorption of fats

New cards
59

roles of the digestive system

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defacation

New cards
60

mechanical digestion

occurs when food is physically broken down into smaller pieces. teeth chewing food, stomach mixing food, and food moving along the gastrointestinal tract

New cards
61

chemical digestion

chemical breakdown of food by enzymes into smaller nutrients

New cards
62

salivary amylase

in the saliva, begins the chemical breakdown of starches

New cards
63

peristalsis

rhythmic muscular contractions, to move food through the esophagus and to the small intestine

New cards
64

salivary glands

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands, release saliva

New cards
65

gastrin

stimulates the stomach to secrete gastric juices, which contain: pepsinogens, mucus, and hydrochloric acid

New cards
66

parietal cells

secrete hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria with high acidity.

New cards
67

pepsinogen

pro-enzyme, secreted by the chief cells, converted to pepsin by the HCl to breakdown proteins.

New cards
68

mucus

protects the stomach lining from the HCl and pepsinogens

New cards
69

peptides

result from the first step in protein digestion, are digested by peptidases to amino acids

New cards
70

maltose

results from the first step in starch digestion, is digested by maltase to glucose

New cards
71

cholecystokinin

causes the gallbladder to secrete bile, cause the pancreas to secrete juices

New cards
72

secretin

causes the liver to secrete bile, cause the pancreas to secrete juices

New cards
73

hypothalamus

region of the brain that plays a role in hunger, satiety, and the feeling of “being full”

New cards
74

feeding center

nutrients in the blood decline, which stimulates the hypothalamus and makes the body feel hungry

New cards
75

satiety center

when the nutrient level rises, the hypothalamus is activated, and the desire to eat declines

New cards
76

as the stomach expands and nutrients are absorbed…

…the stomach sends sends signals to the brain and the desire to eat declines

New cards
77

hunger increasing hormones

Ghrelin, Endorphins, Neuropeptide-Y

New cards
78

hunger decreasing hormones

Leptin, Serotonin, Cholecystokinin (CCK)

New cards
79

leptin

produced by fat cells, alerts the brain to turn off the hunger center in the brain and activate the satiety center

New cards
80

ghrelin

produced by the stomach, travels to the brain and stimulates the hunger center as it deactivates the satiety center

New cards
81

carbohydrates

starches and sugars including milk, fruits, and grains, main source of energy for most cells

New cards
82

lipids

contain saturated fat, unsaturated fat, and cholesterol,

New cards
83

incomplete proteins

food such as grains, legumes, seeds, and nuts

New cards
84

complete proteins

meat, poultry, eggs, milk, dairy products, and soybeans

New cards
85

essential amino acids

nine amino acids that the body is unable to make, complete proteins contain them all

New cards
86

vitamins

organic compounds that are not consumed in metabolic reaction but help enzymes carry out the metabolic reactions

New cards
87

water soluble vitamins

are not able to be stored in the body and are excreted in urine

New cards
88

fat soluble vitamins

are stored in body fat, excessive amounts can be problematic

New cards
89

minerals

inorganic compounds that are not used as fuel in metabolic reactions but are combined with other nutrients to form necessary body substances

New cards
90

minerals include

calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur

New cards
91

anabolism

the set of reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to make larger, more complex molecules

New cards
92

catabolism

the set of reactions in which larger molecules are broken down to be used as energy sources for the body

New cards
93

cellular respiration

the process by which cells generate ATP

New cards
94

aerobic respiration

requires oxygen and a fuel and releases carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

New cards
95

glucose metabolism

used primarily during high energy demands, used in ATP production, results in 38 ATP per molecule of glucose

New cards
96

glycolysis

first step in glucose metabolism, yields 2 atp, breaks down one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules

New cards
97

fermentation or respiration

2nd step in glucose metabolism, yields 2 ATP,

New cards
98

electron transport chain

final step in glucose metabolism, yields 34 ATP, can be aerobic or anaerobic (aerobic in humans) electrons transfers out of NADH/FADH2 to electron acceptors and energy is released

New cards
99

cellular respiration

aerobic process, inside and around the mitochondria, krebs cycle

New cards
100

fermentation

anaerobic process

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 64 people
213 days ago
4.7(3)
note Note
studied byStudied by 26 people
891 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 25 people
514 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 4 people
688 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 16 people
903 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 10 people
760 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 67 people
701 days ago
5.0(4)
note Note
studied byStudied by 44 people
758 days ago
5.0(3)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (92)
studied byStudied by 11 people
841 days ago
4.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (116)
studied byStudied by 10 people
800 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (43)
studied byStudied by 15 people
3 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (57)
studied byStudied by 17 people
751 days ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 2 people
177 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (71)
studied byStudied by 42 people
385 days ago
5.0(4)
flashcards Flashcard (82)
studied byStudied by 41 people
88 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (222)
studied byStudied by 29 people
646 days ago
5.0(1)
robot