Peters Final Sem 1

Why did the Scientific Revolution happen?

humanism, to be better artists (anatomy), doubt in church so looking elsewhere

What field did the discoveries in start the Scientific Revolution?

Astronomy

What is the word a geocentric (Earth centered) universe? (as was the belief previous to Renaissance)

Ptolemaic

Why did people believe the Earth was the center of the universe?

it appeared as if everything spun around them, humans were God's greatest creation

Who created the theory that the universe is heliocentric (sun centered)?

Nicholas Copernicus (1543)

Why did people have inaccurate knowledge of science?

There were only private schools, which were ran by the church.

What did Tycho Brahe do?

Studied the sky mathematically to support Copernicus but died before findings were published.

Who was Brahe's understudy and what did he do?

Johannes Kepler: published Brahe's findings but added 3 Principals of Planetary Motion (Kepler's Laws) to prove that planets move elliptically> proved Copernicus right by proving wrong.

Name Kepler's 3 Laws of Planetary Motion?

1. Law of Orbits: Planets orbit the sun elliptically.

2. Law of Areas: A line connecting a planet to the sun covers an equal area over equal periods of time (planets don't move @ constant speed).

3. Law of Periods: establishes a clear relationship between a planet's orbital period and it's distance from the sun

What did Galileo Galilei do?

Designed first telescope, proved Copernicus/Kepler right, Law of Falling Bodies (things fall @ constant rate), was forced to recant by church

How did Science change during the Scientific Revolution?

Math was used more to prove, the Scientific Method was used.

How did the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Exploration connect to each other?

The Scientific Revolution made people want to learn more, including about things outside Europe. Scientific inventions allowed for more confidence in sailing longer voyages & rougher conditions.

What did Andreas Vesalius do?

Published a book with the entire correct human anatomy that's still used today (The 7 Books on the Structure of the Body)

What did William Gilbert do?

Created the science of magnetism, discovered earth is magnet, wrote "De Magnete", improved navigation with compass & poles)

What did Christiaan Huygens do?

Invented the pendulum clock, light travels in waves not particles, discovered Saturn's rings

What did Isaac Newton do?

Laws of Motion, Law of Universal Gravitation, developed calculus

What did Francis Bacon do?

Developed the Scientific Method, inductive reasoning (imperialist)

What did Descartes do?

Invented Cartesian plane (x,y graph), "I think therefore I am", DEDUCTIVE reasoning (rationalist)

What's the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?

Inductive uses only specific facts/observations, Deductive uses all available knowledge/info to narrow down.

What did Antoine Lavoisier do?

Law of Conservation of Mass (not created or destroyed), experimented with combustion, first periodic table

What did Robert Boyle do?

Boyle's Law (volume & pressure of gas have inverse relationship), Vacuum pump, experimentalism

What did Entoine Van Leeuwenhoek do?

Father of microbiology, developed magnifying glass & microscope, discovered microorganisms.

What did William Harvey do?

Blood is circulated NOT metabolized, father of Physiology, experimentation in medicine

Why were spices wanted so badly?

Food tasted bland bc no refrigeration so to preserve food they had to smoke or pack in salt

What tool did navigators use to measure the angle of the sun/stars to the horizon for triangulation?

Astrolabe (later sextant)

Why were triangle sails so important?

Boats could catch wind @ angle and sail anytime in the year.

What was the new map created for more accurate navigation because of it's straight graph called?

The mercator projection.

Which country was the first colonial superpower and why?

Portugal because: on coast, conquered Morocco, their leader Prince Henry was big explorer and built sailing schools so aspiring explorers moved to Portugal.

Who was Bartholemeau Diaz?

The first to round southern tip of Africa. Renamed Cape of Storms to Cape of Good Hope.

Who was Vasco de Gama?

First person to reach reach India from Europe and establish spice trade. Opened sea trade between Asia and Europe. Responsible for European imperialism in Africa.

Where was Columbus trying to go?

The "East Indies" (Indonesia) by going west.

Who was Americo Vespucci?

Discoverer of the north american mainland (Florida). "America" named after him.

Who was Ferdinand Magellan?

The first to circumnavigate the world (even though he didn't make it), found a "strait" to round South America.

Why did all the countries all of a sudden want a presence in exploration?

Land = Power, could implant their beliefs, religion, and government in claimed land. All wanted to find Northwest Passage to Asia for better trade access.

Who was James Cook?

Leader of 1st expedition into Pacific, charted Australia & New Zealand, 1st to circumnavigated higher latitude, discovered Hawaii

Who was Pedro Cabral?

Discoverer of Brazil and established new trade routes to India.

Who was Vasco Nunez de Balboa?

Discoverer of the Pacific Ocean. Went & established colony in Panama.

Who was Hernan Cortez?

Responsible for destruction of Aztec Empire/conversion to christianity.

Who was Jaques Cartier?

French explorer who claimed Canada for France while trying to find Northwest Passage.

What did Cabot do?

Developed triagular Transatlantic trade route (used for slave trade), found Newfoundland, explored Canada & USA)

What did Francesco Pizarro do?

Wiped out the Inca Empire (turned it's people against the empire). Explored Panama and Cuba.

What did Henry Hudson do?

Discovered Hudson River, Hudson Bay. Discovered short route form Europe to Asia.

What were the names of Columbus' ships?

Santa Maria, Pinta, Nina

Why was Europe's population so high?

growing agriculture, domesticated animals (for plows, meat, fur)

What was the name of the ancient city of mound builders who were prosperous because of corn?

Cahokia

What was the biggest domestic mammal in the Americas before Columbus?

Llama

What was the Inca's most important crop?

Potatoes

Why weren't there domesticated animals in North America?

The biggest native mammals had gone extinct, hot climate killed much vegetation, hunters from land bridge killed them off

What was the most import animal hunted by Native Americans and how did they hunt them?

Bison, used fire to hunt

How was hunting different in Europe?

Hunted for sport and prestige, only nobles could hunt, guns and horses

Why was there a lack of fish in Europe?

Sediment in rivers, building of damns, lots of fish was eaten due to religious holidays (no meat)

Why was wood important to Europeans?

They used it to build houses, furniture, churches, tools, etc. Also to burn.

How did the printing press contribute to the differences in advancement of the different continents?

Europeans could spread information faster than ever with the printing press, no writing or reading in the Americas.

Who funded Columbus's voyage?

Isabella, Queen of Spain

Who did Columbus recruit to be apart of his crew?

Criminals who don't want to face prosecution and soldiers and farmers with nothing to lose.

How does Columbus describe the Americas in his letter to Isabella?

Paradise

What animals did the Spanish bring to the Americas?

Horses and pigs.

Which diseases did the Europeans bring with them?

Mainly smallpox but also measles and influenza.

What disease did explorers bring back to Europe?

Syphillus

What tribe did Columbus wipe out?

Arawak

What is mercantilism?

The economic system during the Renaissance: Wealth = National Power (wealth came from spices, gold, tobacco, land)

Which country created a monopoly of the New World's economy and exportations/importations?

Spain

What were the laws called that were passed by Spain to ban the enslavement of Natives?

The New Laws of the Indies

What was the system of labor used to work around the New Laws of the Indies?

Encomienda system

What was the route called used to bring over slaves?

the Middle Passage

Who decides which country gets land in the case of conflict?

The Pope

What treaty between Spain and Portugal divided up the land in the Americas?

The Treaty of Tordesillas

Why did Portugal get Brazil?

They found the Amazon, therefore getting the entire Amazon watershed.

What were all the English, Dutch, and French explorers trying to find?

The Northwest Passage (didn't exist)

What trade led to inland exploration?

The fur trade

What is Imperialism?

A country or colony that is controlled by a government that is overseas/far away (as were all the colonies in the Americas)

What did Ambroise Pare do?

Developed ointment to prevent infection and better ways to seal wounds during surgery. Introduced use of artificial limbs and invented several instruments.

What was the new type of ship used during this era?

Caravel ships

Who was the Portuguese prince know for being a patron of exploration?

Prince Henry the Navigator

Who were Spanish provinces governed by?

Viceroy

What was different about Caraval ships?

They had both square and triangular sails, and rudders

What was the name of the Aztec leader?

Montezuma

What was the name of the Inca leader?

Atahualpa

What are the steps of the scientific method?

1. question

2. research

3. hypothesis

4. conduct experiment

5. analyze data

6. conclude

7. share

Who's findings were replaced by those of Vesalius and Harvey?

Galen (studied monkeys so inaccurate)

Who found the difference between magnetic and geographic poles?

Gilbert

Who named the Pacific Ocean?

Magellan

What was the first British group to settle in North America?

the Pilgrims

What are Newton's Laws of Motion?

1. An object in motion/at rest will stay in motion/at rest unless acted upon by an outside force.

2. F= ma (force on an object is equal to its mass x acceleration)

3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

What does Descartes' quote "I think therefore I am" mean?

The very act of doubting one's own existence served as proof of the reality of one's own mind, there must be someone thinking for there to be thought.

Where was Diaz from?

Portugal

Where was Cartier from?

France

Where was Cabot from?

Italy, but sailed for England

What was the Aztec capitol called?

Tenochtitlan

Where was the chief source of spices?

Moluccas (island chain in Indonesia "the Spice Islands")

What was the divider between the continent created after the treaty of Tordesillas called?

The Line of Demarcation

What was the first European settlement in Africa called and who built it?

Cape Town, the Dutch

What trading company was created by a group of wealthy Dutch merchants to create a spice monopoly?

Dutch East India Company

Which country took over the Philippines?

Spain

Which Chinese dynasty was active at the time and traded with Europeans?

Ming dynasty

Which Jesuit priest made an impression of Ming China?

Matteo Ricci

Which Spanish priest condemned the abuses of the encomienda system?

Bartolome de Las Casas

Which former slave wrote an account of his experienced to be published?

Olaudah Equiano

What is the term for high tax on items?

tarif

What islands did Magellan land on?

the Phillippines