Oxygen

Fundamentals Exam 3

gas exchange/oxygenation

facilitate or impair body’s ability to supply oxygen to all cells of the body

ventilation

process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

perfusion

ability of CV system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs

diffusion

exchanged of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries

cardiac output

amount of blood ejected from left ventricle each minute

stroke volume

amount of blood ejected from left ventricle with each contraction

preload

amount of blood in LV at end of diastole

afterload

resistance to left ventricular ejection

lifestyle factors that affect oxygenation

nutrition, hydration, exercise, smoking, substance abuse, stress, environmental

anemia

decreased O2 carrying capacity

hypovolemia

dehydration and hemorrhage

high altitudes

decreased inspired oxygen concentration

fever

increased metabolic rate

chest wall movement

trauma, neuromuscular disease, CNS alterations, pregnancy, obesity, musculoskeletal abnormalities, chronic disease

WBC

5,000-10,000

RBC

male- 4-6,000,000; female 4-5,000,000

Hgb

male 14-18 g/dL; female 12-16 g/dL

Hct

male 42%-52%; female 37%-47%

Hyperventilation

ventilation in excess of that required; rate and depth of respirations increase

hypoventilation

alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the body’s oxygen demand; respiratory rate and depth is low

hypoxia

inadequate tissue oxygenation at cellular level, late sign cyanosis

pneumonia

acute inflammation of lung that is most frequently caused by a microorganism

positioning

semi-fowlers position

incentive spirometry

handheld device designed to help patients take slow deep breath to expand lungs

nasal cannula

delivers flow rate up to 6 L/min; 24%-44%

Nasal Cannula O2 concentrations

start at 1 L/min; increase by 1 L/min and then increase by 4%

Simple Face Mask

delivers 35% to 60% at liter flows of 5-10 L/min

Partial and Non-Rebreather

partial: 10-15 L/min (60-90%); non: 10-15 L/min (80-98%)

Venturi Mask

delivers higher oxygen concentrations of 24% to 60% with oxygen flow rates of 4 to 15 L/min

Positive Airway Pressure Devices

deliver 21-100% O2

BIPAP

two pressure settings for inhale and exhale

CPAP

one pressure setting, continuous

Suction Tracheostomy

when patient unable to clear respiratory secretions from airways by coughing or other less invasive procedures

How to suction

do not apply continuous pressure, use thumb to occlude whole; do not suction for longer than 10-15 seconds

Opening sunctioning

up to 120 mm Hg

Close suctioning

up to 160 mm Hg

Stoma assessment

trach may cause device-related pressure ulcers; make sure to document on POA if patient presents with breakdown on admission

Passy-Muir Speaking Valve

allows patients on or off ventilators to speak, improve swallowing, and manage secretions by redirecting airflow up through vocal cords

chest tubes

catheter placed through the thorax to remove air and fluids from pleural place; to remove stuff from space

chest tubes interventions

secure, airtight dressing, underwater seal