Election: Hoover
president of USA
had endured many hardships, lost both parents at age 8, worked in mines
Republic politician: pro-business, many wealthy/upper class voters, laissez-faire
not many ideas in terms of what to do to support USA during the depression and rebuild the country
“In Hoover we trust and now we are busted”
he believed too much help would damage the spirit of self-reliance that made USA great
viewed as a do nothing president
Election: FDR
governor of NY
very privileged and wealthy upbringing, became a lawyer then went into politics
very senior position in the US navy during WW1 and later developed polio which almost killed him, made him appear strong to voters
Democratic politician: welfare state, high state intervention,
united the whole nation giving them the sense that it was them vs the problem
he was a great public speaker, worked hard to take his message to ordinary men and women
travelled across the country talking about the problems they faced
promised to end Prohibition
had a very specific, hopeful plan for the future of America, inspire the country with his New Deal plan, RRR plan, had up to 15 speeches a day to garner support
Relief: The First 100 days
he began a series of much needed changes in order to address the most pressing issues
“prime the pump” massive government spending in an attempt to restart the economy
keynesian approach used (increasing government spending and lowering taxes, you can spark demand and get the economy moving again)
congress gave FDR the same presidential powers as he would’ve received if the USA was being invaded so he could enact bills extremely fast
Emergency banking act
Beer Act
Fireside Chats
Emergency banking act
March 9, 1933
FDR closed all banks for 4 days for inspections, it gave his officials time to check which were sound banks and also time to pass the legislation to set rules for banks which would restore confidence in them
A set of rules and regulations to stop reckless lending were imposed on the banks
only honest well run banks with plenty of cash were allowed to stay open
5% of banks were closed down
his banking regulations were extremely successful, with a combined total of $ 1B being put back into accounts
re-stabilised banking system
He explained to the public what he was doing in his ‘fireside chats
Roosevelt managed to restore public confidence in banks.
He persuaded people to return their money to the re-opened banks
Beer Act
April 1933
put an end to prohibition
made it legal to manufacture, transport and sell alcohol again
led to an increased tax revenue for the government since legally brewed alcohol could be taxed
the government was no longer wasting vast sums of money trying to enforce Prohibition
this also had the added benefit of drastically reducing crime rates since gangsters were no longer making money supplying illegal liquor
Fireside Chats
March 22 1933
as over 40% of american households own a radio by 1930, this new method of communication was effective and quick
he went on air with his informal, hopeful chats about his plan and new legislation to reassure American people
he even spoke about his family and dog
First New Deal
focused on relief and recovery
high level of presidential power in terms of ability to pass bills quickly
initially high level of public confidence and trust in FDR’s schemes
addressed most pressing matters and those who were most badly affected by the great depression
1935, FDR and New Deal face lots of criticism from both sides of political spectrum
many felt he didn’t support the women and elderly enough
Effect of WWII
important since it drastically reduced unemployment to under 3 million by 1942
this was because millions of people were either drafted into the armed forces or worked in munitions factories
Second New Deal
focused on reform
focused on helping victims of the Depression and creating a fairer society in the USA
e.g Wagner & Social Security Acts
Women good
women were given positions of responsibility running the agencies
Mary Bethume, a black woman became the head of the NYA and helped thousands of young blacks
Francis Perkins became secretary of Labour in Roosevelts government
This was the first time a woman had every reached such a high level
Perkins was responsible for supervising many of the New Deal Labour regulations
Native american indians
Indian re-organisation act of 1934 provided money to buy reservation land so that it could be owned by tribes rather than individuals
Gave them the right to manage their own affairs such as setting up their own courts of law
Government loans helped native Americans to set up businesses and buy farming equipment
They were encouraged to follow their own cultural and religious traditions
Opposition to the New Deal
wealthy
businesses
supreme court
republicans
radical critics
wealthy
in order to raise money for the government to surge in spending, FDR created new tax rates that made the rich pay significantly more than the poor
many rich people felt their money was being wasted on boondoggling
they felt the high taxes discouraged people from working hard
businesses
New Deal’s actions interfered with their operations
acts such as the Wagner Act promoted workers rights, introduced a minimum wage and in some cases cost businessmen money
disliked having to pay Social Security contributions
hated schemes like the TVA, which competed unfairly with privately owned businesses
criticized all codes and regulations of NRA, (confusing, difficult to administer)
1934, business leaders united in opposition in Liberty League and fought against trade union laws and insurance schemes of the Second New Deal
supreme court
they were mainly republican and automatically against the policies of the ND
1935, the Supreme Court ruled that the AAA was unconstitutional as the federal government was not permitted to intervene in state matters, same ruling was made against many of the NRA codes
e.g Schechter Poultry Corp case of 1935, was accused of breaking NRA codes
in 1937, FDR announced that he would impose a retirement age of 70 on Supreme Court justices, however he met strong opposition from Congress on the matter and was as such unsuccessful
Roosevelt was accused of “packing the court” with appointing 6 more like-minded democratic judges, there was overwhelming opposition and he was even labelled a dictator
republicans
many still firmly believed in rugged individualism
said TVA and NRA schemes = communist economic planning
SSA 1935 = destroys American idea of rugged individualism and self reliance, makes people lazy and dependent on government
Huey Long
Senator of Louisiana
Won the election by promising to increase taxes for the rich and use the money to build more roads, hospitals and schools
attacked New Deal for not doing enough for the poor
“Share Our Wealth” scheme in which anyone with $ >5M in savings would have the rest of their wealth redistributed
Every American family should be given between 4000 and 5000$
had around 8 mil supporters
Father Coughlin
popular radio DJ with >30 mil supporters
used radio to broadcast criticisms of the New Deal
accused Roosevelt of failing to tackle the problems of the poor
formed the National Union for Social Justice to address the problems he saw
confused ideas
Francis Townsend
retired doctor formed “Townsend Club”
groups consisted mainly of the elderly who campaigned for 200$/month pension for the old
more job opportunities for the youth
7000 Townsend clubs sprang up across the USA
Was the opposition signifcant?
Roosevelt was re-elected
radical opponents had only attracted a fraction of the nation
Republic opposition mainly ignored as they were associated with the “do nothing” president
Roosevelt set up the Resettlement Act and FSA after the AAA was closed down
forced Supreme Court to back down after he tried to ‘pack’ the Court with more judges, extending it from 9 judges to 15
Who he failed to help
women
African americans
Women
agencies based around manual labour, and looked to hire men, as traditionally that would be their work
only 8000 women in CCC
women's wage half of mens
number of states avoided paying SS payments by introducing conditions such as no payment for women with illegitimate children
African Americans
blacks remained second-class citizens, widespread racism and discrimination
segregation continued in education, transport, even the CCC had separate government camps for black people,
black people were less likely to be employed, and were more likely to be fired first
1 in 20 black people had a desk job, as opposed to 1 in 3 white people
FDR failed to put through civil rights laws specifically an anti lynching law, claiming he needed the support of democratic congressmen in the south to carry on with the ND