Meiosis and Genetic Diversity

Lecture flashcards summarized

Meiosis

A process that results in the formation of gametes (eggs/sperm) and ensures genetic diversity through processes like crossing over and independent assortment.

Gametes

Haploid cells (eggs/sperm) that combine to form a zygote.

Diploid

Cells that contain two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n).

Haploid

Cells that contain one complete set of chromosomes (1n).

Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes that are the same length, with the same genes in the same position, but may have different alleles.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis, creating recombinant chromosomes.

Independent Assortment

The random alignment of homologous chromosome pairs during Metaphase I, contributing to genetic diversity.

Aneuploidy

An abnormal number of chromosomes resulting from nondisjunction during meiosis.

Nondisjunction

Errors in chromosome separation during meiosis that can result in gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers.

Trisomy

A condition where an individual has three copies of a chromosome instead of the normal two.

Monosomy

A condition where an individual has only one copy of a chromosome instead of the normal two.

Phenotypic Effects

The observable effects on an organism caused by changes in chromosome number or structure.

Zygote

The fertilized egg formed by the union of male (sperm) and female (egg) gametes.