APUSH Midterms

**John Adams (1797-1801)**

* Alien and Sedition Acts
* 2nd President 
* Convention of 1800s - helps resolve Undeclared War 

**John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)**

* Won election of 1824 through “Corrupt Bargain”
* Tariff of Abominations (Tariff of 1828)
* As secretary of state
*  Helped formulate the __Monroe Doctrine__
* Florida purchase __Adams-Onis Treaty__ __**1819**__
* Arranged joint occupation of Oregon with Great Britain 

**Samuel Adams**

* Wrote the *Massachusetts Circular Letter (1768)*
* One of the leaders of the __Committee of Correspondence__
* One of the leaders of the __Sons of Liberty__ 

**Susan B. Anthony**

* Fought for women’s suffrage -- founded the National Woman's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton
* Abolitionist and supporter of temperance

**Stephen F. Austin**

* Leads Americans to Texas 
* founded the first settlement of Americans in Texas
* sent by the colonists to negotiate with the Mexican government for Texas independence
* became the commander of the settlers' army in the Texas Revolution.

**Nicholas Biddle**

* President of the National Bank during Jackson’s pres
* Gave special loans to important people (looks corrupt and profiting off of bank) 

**Elizabeth Blackwell**

* First women to attend medical school -- first women to become a doctor
* Helped found nursing school -- nursing became socially acceptable profession for women

**Aaron Burr**

* Jefferson’s Vice President from 1801-1805 before 12th amendment 
* Essex Junto -- tried to create a new nation in New England with radical federalists where he would be president
* Kills Hamilton in duel  
* Burr’s conspiracy -- exiled out of NY where he hires mercenaries and creates a navy in New Orleans 
* Found not guilty for treason

**John C. Calhoun**

* The voice of the South (from SC) -- extreme defender of the institution of slavery and states’ rights 
* Jackson’s 1st VP
* Author of South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) -- nullification

**Samuel Chase**

Supreme Court judge Jefferson tried to impeach but failed

**Henry Clay**

* “The Great Compromiser” -- nationalist
* Created the __American System__ __**1816**__
* __**Missouri Compromise 1820**__
* __**Compromise of 1850**__

**Frederick Douglass**

* Former slave that was a major leader in abolition movement
* Just wants emancipation - does not matter if immediate or gradual

**Ralph Waldo Emerson**

* Transcendentalist 
* Author of *The American Scholar* 
* Wanted *Cultural Nationalism - a*-- a distinct culture from Europe

**Charles Finney**

Leader of the 2nd Great Awakening

**Benjamin Franklin**

* __Albany Plan of Union__ __**1754**__
* Example of an enlightened figure -- invented the lightning rod 
* First US ambassador to France (1776-1785)
* Signed Declaration and Constitution

**Robert Fulton**

Invented the first steamboat (1807)

**William Lloyd Garrison**

* Creator of *The Liberator* -- a weekly national newspaper that gave voice to radical abolitionists
* Wanted immediate emancipation 
* One of the founders of the American Anti-slavery Society

**William Henry Harrison (1841)**

* War hero -- won the __Battle of Tippecanoe__
* __Whig__ that won the Election of 1840 -- but dies 3 months into his presidency after catching pneumonia

**Sam Houston**

* Leads Texan Army -- commander in chief for Texan forces
* Aided in capturing Santa Anna to force him to recognize Texas independence

**Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)**

* Victim of “Corrupt Bargain”
* Created the Democratic Party
* War hero -- won the __Battle of New Orleans__ 
* Grass-roots campaign 
* Mudslinging used for the 1st time in US election
* __Trail of Tears__
* __Destroyed National Bank__ -- created __pet banks__ as replacement 
* Excessive use of vetoes (13 vetoes) used a lot of pocket vetoes too 
* Specie Circular 
* __Nullification Crisis__ 
* Spoils System 
* Kitchen Cabinet

**Lewis and Clark**

* Maps out the Louisiana Purchase with the help of Sacajawea 
* Effect = pioneers settling westward 1803

**Toussaint L’Ouverture**

General and most prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution

**James Madison (1809-1817)**

* During presidency 
* War of 1812 -- war message = impressments and neutral rights 
* Treaty of Ghent -- Status Quo Ante Bellum 
* Death of federalists after Hartford Convention
* RESULT -- extreme national pride (Era of Good Feelings)
* Rush-Bagot Settlement 
* One of the authors of the Federalist Paper -- wrote the famous **Federalist #10** (pro-con of majority rule)

**Horace Mann**

* Leader of the Common School Movement (tax-funded public schools)
* MA

**John Marshall**

* Chief Justice 1801-1835
* Extreme Federalists -- responsible for the large growth in power of the judicial branch
* Most important judicial decisions 
* Loose construction 
* Judicial review 
* Fed power over state power 
* Marbury v. Madison 
* McCulloch v. Maryland

**James Monroe (1817-1825)**

Era of Good Feelings 1817-1825
Policies during presidency
American System 1816 - proposed by Clay
Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty) 1819 -- made by secretary of state Q. Adams
Monroe Doctrine 1823


1. Non colonization
2. Non interference
Russo-American Treaty (1824) -- Russia gives up claim to Oregon country

**James K. Polk (1845-1849)**

* Reduces tariff -- Walker Tariff 
* Supports Independent Treasury 
* Annexes Oregon Country 
* Gains Mexican Cession through Mexican-American War -- takes all lands to California 
* w/ Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 
* Serves 1 term

**Samuel Slater**

* British man that memorized blueprints of British textile mills 
* Brought industrialization to the US -- “Father of the American Industrial Revolution”

**Joseph Smith**

* Founder of the mormons -- created the Book of Mormon 
* Killed by angry mob in Illinois bc dislike of mormon’s extreme views (polygamy)

**Harriet Beecher Stowe**

Author of *Uncle Tom’s Cabin*

**Tecumseh**

* Forms a Confederation of tribes in Northwest Territory
* Last major Native attempt to prevent American expansion 
* Loses to H. Harrison in the Battle of Tippecanoe 
* Native ally with British during the right before War of 1812 -- gained weapons in Canada 

**Henry David Thoreau**

* Transcendentalist -- learns from Emerson
* Author of *Walden* -- book based on his experiences living in seclusion 
* Author of *Civil Disobedience*  -- disobey gov in non-violent way 
* Refused to pay tax to protest slavery and Mexican-American War

**John Tyler (1841-1845)**

* Aroostook War -- Maine-Canada border (potential for war with Great Britain)
* Caroline incident 
* Resolved with Webster-Ashburton Treaty
* Did not support national bank -- Whigs feel betrayed 
* Wanted to annex Texas (did not succeed)
* Secretary of State Abel Upshur almost annexes Texas but gets head blown off

**Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)**

* Pres during economic depression 
* Blamed for Panic of 1837 caused by Jackson’s Specie Circular 
* Jackson’s 2nd VP

**Daniel Webster**

* Represented financial and commercial interests of NE 
* Always wanted protective tariff 
* Webster-Hayne Debate 
* Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) -- resolves Aroostook War

**Brigham Young**

* Leader of the Mormons after Smith’s death
* Led Mormons to Great Salt Lake (Utah)

**Tariff of Abominations**

* **1828**
* During John Quincy Adams presidency
* High tariff that led to the South Carolina exposition and protest and nullification crisis

**Alien and Sedition Acts**

* **1798**
* Passed by John Adams
* Made become a citizen of the US more difficult and limited first amendment rights

**Articles of Confederation**

* **1781**
* First form of government in a newly formed United States
* Some successes (Jay’s treaty)
* Ultimately changed due to __Shay’s rebellion__

**Assumption**

The national bank taking on the debts of all the states

**Compromise of 1850**

* Compromise that settled the north versus south slavery issue
* California was admitted as a free state and new territories were allowed to decide their status
* Fugitive slave act

**Copperheads**

Faction of Democrats who were against the Civil War

**Crittenden Compromise**

* Failed attempt to compromise with the south by permanently installing slavery
* Prior to the Civil War, but after secession

**Emancipation Proclamation**

* **1863**
* Lincoln’s statement that the goal of the war was to end slavery

**Embargo Act**

* 1807
* Administered by Thomas Jefferson
* Restricted trade (imports and exports) with all foreign nations 
* Royally screwed over US economy

**Enumerated Goods**

* Colonial Era
* Good that colonies are only allowed to ship to Britain or other English countries

**Federalist Papers**

* Written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison 
* A series of papers to advocate for the ratification of a US constitution in NY

**Federalists**

* Formed shortly after America gained independence 
* Strong Federal government, Weak State government 
* Constitution

**Force Bill**

* Nullification crisis
* Allowed Jackson to enter South Carolina with army to quell secession

**Gag Resolution**

* 1836-1844
* Banned the discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

**Habeas Corpus**

* Abraham Lincoln repealed this during the Civil War as a response to Copperheads
* Protection against illegal imprisonment

**Intolerable Acts**

* **1774**
* Passed due to Boston Tea Party
* A series of punishments meant to restrict the colonists

**Judicial Review**

* Justice Marshall 
* Established during Marbury vs Madison
* The ability to declare Legislative or Executive actions unconstitutional

**Kansas-Nebraska Act**

* **1854**
* Repealed the Missouri Compromise 
* Allowed popular sovereignty to determine whether Kansas and Nebraska would be free or slave states
* Sparked major controversy from north and south
* Led Bleeding Kansas

**Kentucky (VA and KY Resolutions)**

* Condemning response to Alien and Sedition Acts
* Drafted by Jefferson and Madison
* Introduced the concept of nullification
* States rights

**Know-Nothings**

* Formed around 1844; lasted through 1850s
* Nativist political party
* Formed in response to rising immigration

**The Liberator**

* William Lloyd Garrison
* An anti-slavery newspaper popular in the 1840’s-1870’s

**Loose Construction**

* Federalist idea 
* The government can have powers that aren’t explicitly stated in the constitution

**Maine**

* One of the original 13 colonies
* Site of the Aroostook Wars
* Balanced the entry of Missouri as a free state

**Missouri Compromise**

* Proposed by Henry Clay
* New states would be free or slave states depending on whether they were above or below the Missouri line
* Quelled the controversy of slavery for a bit

**Navigation Acts**

* During the Colonial Era
* Series of acts to bolster British trade int the colonies

**New York**

* Founded by the Dutch
* Major harbor of trade due to the Hudson River
* Erie Canal

**Non-Importation Agreements**

* Agreement among Boston Merchants to not import or export goods
* Attempt to rebel against high British Taxes

**Ostend Manifesto (1854)**

* Private attempt by the US to buy Cuba for the slaves
* Went public and marked the end of Manifest Destiny

**Pinckney’s Treaty**

* 1795
* During Washington’s presidency
* Treaty between America and Spain that earned the former the Mississippi River

**Plymouth**

* Town founded by the Pilgrims
* Form of government: Mayflower Compact

**Republicans**

* 1850’s; Major political party in American two-party system
* Replaced the Whig and Free-Soil parties and absorbed their beliefs
* Wanted to stop the expansion of slavery and maintain the American system

**Seneca Falls Convention**

* **1848**
* The first formal women's right convention 
* Declaration of Sentiments

**South Carolina**

* One of the original 13 colonies
* Tried to secede from the Union due to the high tariffs (Nullification Crisis)
* First state to secede prior to Civil War 
* Home of John C. Calhoun

**Strict Construction**

* Democratic-Republican belief
* The idea that the Federal Government should get its powers directly from the constitution

**Virginia**

* One of the first states in America 
* Site of the first English settlement (Jamestown)
* Location of Bacon’s Rebellion and Powhatan Wars
* The White House resides here

**Virtual Representation**

* Idea during the Colonial Era
* The political concept that British officials represented not just Britain, but the colonies as well despite their distance

**Whigs**

* Major political party founded by Henry Clay (1830’s-1850’s)
* Built as an Anti-Jackson Party
* Extreme sectionalism, but mainly believe in strong federal government and the American System
* Got absorbed into the Republican Party

**Whiskey Rebellion**

* **1794**
* During Washington’s presidency 
* Uprising due to the government’s excise tax on whisky
* Washington’s forces March up to Pennsylvania and suppress it, showing the power of the new constitution

**Yorktown**

Major battle that marked the end of the Revolutionary War

**John Brown**

* **Very extreme abolitionist**
* **Responsible for the Pottawatomie Massacre and Harper’s Ferry**

**James Buchanan**

* **After Kansas-Nebraska act, tries to bring back Manifest Destiny and expand to Central America but no one wants that so he fails**
* **15th President**

**Dewitt Clinton**

* **Gov wouldn’t fund the Erie Canal so he funds it himself**
* **Governor of NY**

**Jefferson Davis**

**President of the Confederacy during the Civil War**

**Dorthea Dix**

* **Concerned about prisoner conditions**
* **Worked to improve how prisoners and the mentally ill were treated**

**Stephen Douglas**

* **a three-term United States Senator who championed popular sovereignty and was influential in the enactment of the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854**
* **Ran against Lincoln in the 1860 election**

**Citizen Genet**

**Representative from France that attempted to get the US to join France’s side in French Revolution but George Washington declared neutrality**

**George Grenville**

**Prime Minister of GB after French and Indian War who decided to tax the colonies to help pay off debt from war**

**Alexander Hamilton**

* **Annapolis Conference- voices need for strong federal government**
* **Washington’s Secretary of Treasury**
* **Rival of Thomas Jefferson and got into many debates with him in cabinet meetings**
* **Wanted Judicial and Executive branch**
* **One of three authors of the federalist papers**
* **Hamilton’s financial plan**
* **Loose interpretation of the Constitution**
* **George Washington’s right hand man and tended to get favored by him**
* **Killed by Aaron Burr in a duel after publicly attacking him**
* **Tariffs**

**Dred Scott**

**Argued for freedom after his master moved him to a free territory. In the __________, the Supreme Court ruled against him and in favor of western territories being open to slavery, prompting outrage from the North**

**Winfield Scott**

* **Wins Mexican War and makes him a national hero**
* **Whig Party tried to run him for President in 1852 but failed**
* **Made Anaconda Plan**

**Daniel Shays**

* **Capt. in Continental Army upset with gov treatment of farmers who left to fight Rev war**
* **Almost overtook the gov but was pardoned**
* **Shows weakness of AOC**

**Charles Sumner**

* **MA Senator- crimes against Kansas speech (attacking Andrew Pickens Butler but lying)- get beaten by Butler’s nephew with a cane in the Senate**
* **Radical Republican leader in Senate**

**Nat Turner**

* **Preacher in VA who was told by God to rebel against slave-owners**
* **Nat Turner’s Rebellion- he and followers killed slave-owners**
* **Result- more restrictions on slaves**

**Charles Townshend**

* **Realizes colonists don’t like direct taxes but might accept indirect taxes**
* **Passes Townshend Act that’s less extreme but colonists still are very angry**

**Clement Vallandigham**

**Leading copperhead banished from the US**

**George Whitefield**

**Founder of first great awakening**

**XYZ (XYZ Affair)**

* **US sends negotiators to France and XYZ French guys make a bunch of demands before we can even talk to anyone**
* **US starts military buildup**

**American System**

* **System of domestic reforms proposed by Henry Clay and Republicans**
* **Protective tariff, strong national bank, internal improvements**
* **Whigs use it to win control of house and senate**

**Anti-Federalists**

* **Anti-Constitution/pro-AOC**
* **Both anti-feds and fed support federalism**

**Boston**

* **First settlement in Massachusetts**
* **“City on a hill”**
* **Busiest colonial port**
* **Center of the Revolution**
* **Sons of Liberty**
* **Boston Massacre**
* **Committee of Correspondence**
* **Boston Tea Party**
* **Battles of rev near city**
* **Center of abolitionist movement**

**California**

* **Large gold deposits found**
* **Gold rush**
* **Huge amount of migration**
* **Chinese immigration**

**Congressional Caucus**

* **Used to determine Presidential nominations in early 1800s**
* **Feds/Reps met in Congress to decide who will run**

**Constitutional Union Party**

**New political party in 1860 that wants to unite country**

**Democrats**

* **Andrew Jackson forms party in favor of Southern ideas**
* **States rights, small farmers, slaveholders, northern farmers and artisans**
* **Jeffersonian ideas**
* **Weaker federal government**
* **Mudslinging campaign**
* **Pro-annexation of Texas**
* **At first divided between North and South but later the south is normally associated with democratic party**