Psych Learning Quiz study guide

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43 Terms

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Learning

A lasting change in behavior due to experience.

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Habituation

Decreased response to a repeated stimulus over time.

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Associative Learning

Learning that two events occur together (like stimulus + response).

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Behaviorism

Psychology view that studies behavior without referencing mental processes.

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Classical Conditioning

Learning to link two stimuli to anticipate events.

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NS (Neutral Stimulus)

A stimulus that initially produces no response.

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UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

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UCR (Unconditioned Response)

The natural response to the UCS.

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CS (Conditioned Stimulus)

Previously NS, now triggers a learned response.

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CR (Conditioned Response)

Learned response to the CS.

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Acquisition

The initial stage of learning the stimulus-response link.

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Extinction

The weakening of a CR when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS.

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Spontaneous Recovery

Reappearance of a weakened CR after a rest period.

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Generalization

Responding similarly to stimuli like the CS.

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Discrimination

Learning to respond only to the CS, not similar stimuli.

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Preparedness

Biological tendency to learn certain associations (like fear of snakes) more easily.

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Taste Aversion

Avoiding a food after getting sick from it, even once.

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Operant Conditioning

Learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences.

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Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to happen again.

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Operant Chamber/Skinner Box

A box used to study animal behavior and rewards.

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Reinforcement

Increases behavior.

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Positive Reinforcement

Adding something pleasant to increase behavior.

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Negative Reinforcement

Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior.

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Shaping

Gradually guiding behavior using reinforcers toward a desired outcome.

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Primary Reinforcers

Naturally satisfying (like food or water).

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Secondary Reinforcers

Learned value (like money or praise).

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Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcing the behavior every time it occurs.

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Partial/Intermittent Reinforcement

Reinforcing only sometimes; slower learning but more resistant to extinction.

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Fixed-Ratio

Reinforce after a set number of responses.

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Variable-Ratio

Reinforce after an unpredictable number of responses.

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Fixed-Interval

Reinforce after a fixed amount of time.

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Variable-Interval

Reinforce after changing time intervals.

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Punishment

Decreases behavior.

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Positive Punishment

Adding something unpleasant to reduce behavior.

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Negative Punishment

Taking away something pleasant to reduce behavior.

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Cognitive Map

Mental layout of an environment.

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Latent Learning

Learning that happens but isn’t shown until there’s a reason to use it.

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Insight Learning

Sudden realization of a solution without trial and error.

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Observational Learning

Learning by watching others.

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Modeling

Imitating someone else’s behavior.

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Mirror Neurons

Brain cells that fire both when we act and when we see someone else act.

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Prosocial Behavior

Positive, helpful actions.

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Antisocial Behavior

Negative, harmful actions.