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Learning
A lasting change in behavior due to experience.
Habituation
Decreased response to a repeated stimulus over time.
Associative Learning
Learning that two events occur together (like stimulus + response).
Behaviorism
Psychology view that studies behavior without referencing mental processes.
Classical Conditioning
Learning to link two stimuli to anticipate events.
NS (Neutral Stimulus)
A stimulus that initially produces no response.
UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
UCR (Unconditioned Response)
The natural response to the UCS.
CS (Conditioned Stimulus)
Previously NS, now triggers a learned response.
CR (Conditioned Response)
Learned response to the CS.
Acquisition
The initial stage of learning the stimulus-response link.
Extinction
The weakening of a CR when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS.
Spontaneous Recovery
Reappearance of a weakened CR after a rest period.
Generalization
Responding similarly to stimuli like the CS.
Discrimination
Learning to respond only to the CS, not similar stimuli.
Preparedness
Biological tendency to learn certain associations (like fear of snakes) more easily.
Taste Aversion
Avoiding a food after getting sick from it, even once.
Operant Conditioning
Learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences.
Law of Effect
Behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to happen again.
Operant Chamber/Skinner Box
A box used to study animal behavior and rewards.
Reinforcement
Increases behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
Adding something pleasant to increase behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior.
Shaping
Gradually guiding behavior using reinforcers toward a desired outcome.
Primary Reinforcers
Naturally satisfying (like food or water).
Secondary Reinforcers
Learned value (like money or praise).
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing the behavior every time it occurs.
Partial/Intermittent Reinforcement
Reinforcing only sometimes; slower learning but more resistant to extinction.
Fixed-Ratio
Reinforce after a set number of responses.
Variable-Ratio
Reinforce after an unpredictable number of responses.
Fixed-Interval
Reinforce after a fixed amount of time.
Variable-Interval
Reinforce after changing time intervals.
Punishment
Decreases behavior.
Positive Punishment
Adding something unpleasant to reduce behavior.
Negative Punishment
Taking away something pleasant to reduce behavior.
Cognitive Map
Mental layout of an environment.
Latent Learning
Learning that happens but isn’t shown until there’s a reason to use it.
Insight Learning
Sudden realization of a solution without trial and error.
Observational Learning
Learning by watching others.
Modeling
Imitating someone else’s behavior.
Mirror Neurons
Brain cells that fire both when we act and when we see someone else act.
Prosocial Behavior
Positive, helpful actions.
Antisocial Behavior
Negative, harmful actions.