APUSH

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Schenck v. U.S.

A 1919 Supreme Court case ruling that speech presenting a 'clear and present danger' is not protected by the First Amendment.

Ida Tarbell

A muckraking journalist known for exposing the corrupt practices of the Standard Oil Company in her book The History of the Standard Oil Company.

Preservationists

People who advocate for the protection of natural environments from human interference, often opposing development in wilderness areas.

League of Nations

An international organization formed after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among nations, but the U.S. did not join.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

WWI-era laws that punished individuals for interfering with the war effort or criticizing the government, limiting free speech.

War Industries Board

A U.S. government agency created during WWI to coordinate the production of war materials and manage the economy for the war effort.

Platt Amendment

A U.S. policy that allowed America to intervene in Cuban affairs and establish naval bases, limiting Cuba’s sovereignty.

Jane Addams

A social reformer and founder of Hull House, a settlement house that provided services to immigrants and the poor.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 treaty that ended WWI, imposing harsh penalties on Germany and creating the League of Nations.

Conservationists

Advocates for the responsible use and management of natural resources to prevent depletion.

Moral Diplomacy

President Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy promoting support for democratic governments and opposing imperialism.

Muller v. Oregon

A 1908 Supreme Court case that upheld laws limiting women's working hours, citing their physical well-being.

Jacob Riis

A muckraking journalist and photographer who exposed urban poverty in his book How the Other Half Lives.

16th Amendment

Allowed the U.S. government to collect an income tax.

Frank Norris

A muckraker known for his novel The Octopus, which exposed railroad monopolies’ exploitation of farmers.

Sierra Club

An environmental organization founded by John Muir in 1892 to promote conservation efforts in the U.S.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

The treaty that ended the Spanish-American War, granting the U.S. control of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

A 1914 law strengthening anti-monopoly regulations and protecting labor unions from being targeted as monopolies.

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft’s foreign policy encouraging U.S. economic investment in Latin America to gain political influence.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A U.S. senator who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and led the fight against U.S. involvement in the League of Nations.

17th Amendment

Allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators by the people instead of state legislatures.

Upton Sinclair

A muckraker whose novel The Jungle exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry, leading to food safety reforms.

Muckrakers

Progressive-era journalists who exposed corruption, social injustices, and corporate abuses.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized and exaggerated news reporting used to influence public opinion, notably in the lead-up to the Spanish-American War.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

A 1890 law aimed at breaking up monopolies and preventing anti-competitive business practices.

Big Stick Diplomacy

President Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy emphasizing military strength to achieve U.S. interests.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

A government agency created during WWI to promote propaganda and gain public support for the war.

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798 laws restricting immigration and making it illegal to criticize the government, later seen as violations of free speech.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages (Prohibition).

Teller Amendment

A U.S. policy stating that America would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

Florence Kelley

A social reformer who fought for child labor laws and better working conditions for women.

Susan B. Anthony

A leading women’s rights activist and suffragist who played a key role in the movement for women’s voting rights.

Robert La Follette

A progressive politician who promoted government reforms such as direct primaries and regulation of big businesses.

Carrie A. Nation

A radical temperance activist known for attacking saloons with a hatchet to protest alcohol consumption.

Booker T. Washington

An African American leader who promoted vocational education and economic self-sufficiency as a means to racial equality.

W.E.B. Du Bois

A civil rights leader who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate racial equality and higher education for Black Americans.

Niagara Movement

A Black civil rights organization led by W.E.B. Du Bois that demanded immediate political and social rights for African Americans.

Theodore Roosevelt

The 26th U.S. president known for progressive reforms, conservation efforts, and his 'Big Stick' foreign policy.

William Howard Taft

The 27th U.S. president who emphasized Dollar Diplomacy and later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Eugene V. Debs

A socialist leader and labor organizer who ran for president multiple times and was imprisoned for opposing WWI.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote.

Literacy Test

A discriminatory method used in the South to prevent African Americans from voting by requiring them to pass reading tests.

De Jure Segregation

Racial segregation enforced by laws, such as Jim Crow laws.

De Facto Segregation

Racial segregation that occurs in practice, often due to economic or social factors rather than laws.

Progressivism

A reform movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that aimed to address social, political, and economic injustices.