APUSH

Imperialism – The policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Schenck v. U.S. – A 1919 Supreme Court case ruling that speech presenting a "clear and present danger" (such as opposing the draft during wartime) is not protected by the First Amendment.

Ida Tarbell – A muckraking journalist known for exposing the corrupt practices of the Standard Oil Company in her book The History of the Standard Oil Company.

Preservationists – People who advocate for the protection of natural environments from human interference, often opposing development in wilderness areas.

League of Nations – An international organization formed after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among nations, but the U.S. did not join.

Espionage and Sedition Acts – WWI-era laws that punished individuals for interfering with the war effort or criticizing the government, limiting free speech.

War Industries Board – A U.S. government agency created during WWI to coordinate the production of war materials and manage the economy for the war effort.

Platt Amendment – A U.S. policy that allowed America to intervene in Cuban affairs and establish naval bases, limiting Cuba’s sovereignty.

Jane Addams – A social reformer and founder of Hull House, a settlement house that provided services to immigrants and the poor.

Treaty of Versailles – The 1919 treaty that ended WWI, imposing harsh penalties on Germany and creating the League of Nations.

Conservationists – Advocates for the responsible use and management of natural resources to prevent depletion.

Moral Diplomacy – President Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy promoting support for democratic governments and opposing imperialism.

Muller v. Oregon – A 1908 Supreme Court case that upheld laws limiting women's working hours, citing their physical well-being.

Jacob Riis – A muckraking journalist and photographer who exposed urban poverty in his book How the Other Half Lives.

16th Amendment – Allowed the U.S. government to collect an income tax.

Frank Norris – A muckraker known for his novel The Octopus, which exposed railroad monopolies’ exploitation of farmers.

Sierra Club – An environmental organization founded by John Muir in 1892 to promote conservation efforts in the U.S.

Treaty of Paris (1898) – The treaty that ended the Spanish-American War, granting the U.S. control of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act – A 1914 law strengthening anti-monopoly regulations and protecting labor unions from being targeted as monopolies.

Dollar Diplomacy – President Taft’s foreign policy encouraging U.S. economic investment in Latin America to gain political influence.

Henry Cabot Lodge – A U.S. senator who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and led the fight against U.S. involvement in the League of Nations.

17th Amendment – Allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators by the people instead of state legislatures.

Upton Sinclair – A muckraker whose novel The Jungle exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry, leading to food safety reforms.

Muckrakers – Progressive-era journalists who exposed corruption, social injustices, and corporate abuses.

Yellow Journalism – Sensationalized and exaggerated news reporting used to influence public opinion, notably in the lead-up to the Spanish-American War.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act – A 1890 law aimed at breaking up monopolies and preventing anti-competitive business practices.

Big Stick Diplomacy – President Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy emphasizing military strength to achieve U.S. interests.

Committee on Public Information (CPI) – A government agency created during WWI to promote propaganda and gain public support for the war.

Alien and Sedition Acts – 1798 laws restricting immigration and making it illegal to criticize the government, later seen as violations of free speech.

18th Amendment – Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages (Prohibition).

Teller Amendment – A U.S. policy stating that America would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

Florence Kelley – A social reformer who fought for child labor laws and better working conditions for women.

Susan B. Anthony – A leading women’s rights activist and suffragist who played a key role in the movement for women’s voting rights.

Robert La Follette – A progressive politician who promoted government reforms such as direct primaries and regulation of big businesses.

Carrie A. Nation – A radical temperance activist known for attacking saloons with a hatchet to protest alcohol consumption.

Booker T. Washington – An African American leader who promoted vocational education and economic self-sufficiency as a means to racial equality.

W.E.B. Du Bois – A civil rights leader who co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate racial equality and higher education for Black Americans.

Niagara Movement – A Black civil rights organization led by W.E.B. Du Bois that demanded immediate political and social rights for African Americans.

Theodore Roosevelt – The 26th U.S. president known for progressive reforms, conservation efforts, and his "Big Stick" foreign policy.

William Howard Taft – The 27th U.S. president who emphasized Dollar Diplomacy and later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Eugene V. Debs – A socialist leader and labor organizer who ran for president multiple times and was imprisoned for opposing WWI.

19th Amendment – Granted women the right to vote.

Literacy Test – A discriminatory method used in the South to prevent African Americans from voting by requiring them to pass reading tests.

De Jure Segregation – Racial segregation enforced by laws, such as Jim Crow laws.

De Facto Segregation – Racial segregation that occurs in practice, often due to economic or social factors rather than laws.

Progressivism – A reform movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that aimed to address social, political, and economic injustices.