Paramby
Jerri A. Logemann
Barium cookie test
Queen of Dysphagia
1980s
When did swallowing begin to fall under the SLP scope of practice
Begins at lips, ends at Cricopharyngeus muscle (UES)
Borders of swallowing
Oral Prep: mastication/holding bolus
Oral: tongue moves to move bolus
Pharyngeal: begins at faucial pillars
Esophageal: begins when bolus enters Cricopharyngeus muscle
Oropharyngeal swallow is a continuum divided into stages
Stages of Swallowing
Interstage transition
Part of the bolus is in the oral cavity and part is in the pharynx
(common with soup that also has solids in it)
Taste
________ is the sensory aspect of swallowing
Doctor - SLP cannot recommend tube feeding, but we can let the doctor know the client needs to be NPO
Whose responsibility is it to recommend tube feeding
nourishment
socialization
spirituality
medication
lifestyle treatment
Eating/Drinking affects what aspects of life
Dys: disorder/difficulty
Phagein: To ingest/engulf
Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing
Dysphagia meaning
primary medical diagnosis; symptom
(dysphagia cannot occur by itself; it is always caused by something else)
Dysphagia is not a _______ _______ _______; it is always a __________
nasal cavity
Airway
Out of mouth
Misdirection of a swallow
Aspiration
Food or liquid entering airway below vocal folds
Penetration
Food or liquid entering airway, but remaining above vocal folds
Choking
Complete blockage of the airway
Silent Aspiration
Food/liquid enters airway, passes below vocal folds, and no effort is made to eject
1: Normal
2: Normal/Penetration
3-5: Penetration
6-7: Aspiration
8: Silent Aspiration
Penetration Aspiration scale
True
In Arkansas, SLPs can
In some states SLPs cannot scope, only doctors can
There is not adequate intraoral pressure when your mouth is open
Why is it difficult to swallow using the compensatory strategy of tilting your head back?
Stroke
TBI
Dementia
CP
Progressive disorders (Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, ALS)
Neurological Conditions/Causes of Dysphagia
80-90%
What percent of people complain of swallowing issues after surgical spinal fusion?
Radiation/chemotherapy
Intubation/tracheostomy
Post surgical cervical spine fusion
Post surgical coronary artery bypass grafting
Medication
Dysphagia is the Iatrogenic (side effects) of what?
Ipsilateral
Cranial nerves are
Pharyngeal branch
Superior laryngeal branch
Recurrent laryngeal branch
L side: travels down to aorta and back up
R side: travels down to subclavian artery and back up
Branches of Vagus nerve
SLP: attitude is to fix it
Swallowing specialist: may know that you cannot fix some problems but can still help them and prevent certain conditions to avoid premature mortality
Traditional SLP vs Swallowing Specialist
Clinical swallow eval
MBSS/VFSS
FEES
management
Chest x-ray
Chest CT
Ways dysphagia is observed
Stroke
#1 neurological cause of dysphagia and the main cause of oropharyngeal dysphagia in adults
Pneumonia
Infection of the lungs
Aspiration Pneumonia
Excess of aspiration combined with other things (bad hygiene, bad health, etc.) can cause pneumonia
Oropharyngeal dysphagia
Main cause of pneumonia is NOT ____________ but it can play a role in it
it affects swallowing
Chewing is only abnormal if
Small: 1-3ml (3 phases)
Large: 10-20ml (simultaneous oropharyngeal activity)
Small vs. large volume swallow
Thinner = faster (less pressure)
Thicker = slower (more pressure)
Viscosity of Liquids
Approx 1 second
Duration of a swallow
Epiglottis
False vocal folds
True vocal folds
3 levels of airway protection
Approx 5-10 seconds
How long does it take the bolus to reach the stomach
smaller sips
slow down
thickened liquids
chin tuck
Compensatory strategies for swallowing problems
Inhale, swallow, exhale
Inhale, small exhale, swallow, exhale
Breathing for swallowing
patient was not actually choking
food stuck in valleculae
cardiac arrest
reasons heimlich may not work in some cases (based on video)
72%
Percent of adults that are tippers
Tippers: bolus remains on top of tongue until swallow is initiated
Dippers: bolus moves under the tongue into floor of mouth; bolus is then lifted up and swallow is initiated
Tippers vs. dippers
Mandible lowers, volume increases in oral cavity; pressure decreases
Suction
Cheek and lip muscles contract to create more energy
Velum lowers; tongue raises (lingua-velar seal) and anterior lip seal
Steps of straw drinking
Holding larynx up during swallowing to prevent food/liquid from entering airway
assists in swallowing coordination and UES opening/duration
Mendelsohn Maneuver
Problems
Difficult to do
SLPs think they do it correctly but don’t
Solutions
during instrumental eval, use FEES
Hook up SEMG (electromyography) to muscles (BEST SOLUTION)
Problems w Mendelsohn Maneuver and how to fix it
Faucial pillars cannot be seen on fluoroscopy, so we look at ramus of mandible (bone) during swallow initiation
Hyoid bone needs to move when bolus passes ramus of mandible (indicating swallow has begun)
delay in swallow when hyoid does not move
Initiation of pharyngeal swallow on video fluoroscopy - what do we look at?
For liquid, initiation of swallow should occur when bolus reaches ramus of mandible
For solid, initiation of swallow should begin when bolus reaches valleculae or pyriform sinus
Initiation of swallow for solid and liquid
Presbyphagia
Natural changes in swallow due to older age
synchronized sequence of events
Swallowing is a highly …
Dysphagia
Incoordination of swallowing leads to
Barium: focus on esophageal phase or beyond cricopharyngeus muscle (Radiologist)
Modified Barium/Video fluoroscopy: Focus on oropharyngeal swallow (SLP)
Barium swallow study vs modified barium swallow study
External Evidence (journal articles)
Internal Evidence (clinical expertise)
Patient & Family Preference
You can educate & recommend but ultimately patient/fam members decide
Evidence Based Practice
Oral Hygiene
Functional Status (self feeding)
Medical status (stroke/other health conditions)
Physical activity
Article 1 - Risk factors for aspiration pneumonia
cause
It is bad clinical practice if you mention aspiration/residue but not the ________
Not only Evaluation but also
Diagnostic & Interventional procedure
VFSS - videofluoroscopy swallow study is used for
Patient should be treated first (small sips, take a breath, chin tuck) before treating the barium (diet modification)
Treating patient vs. treating barium
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid
Muscles of Mastication
Mandible
Soft palate
Tongue
Hyolaryngeal (hyoid and larynx) complex
UES
Structures active during entire oropharyngeal swallow
Mandible
Hyoid Bone
Skull base
Anchoring attachment for the tongue
Hyoglossus
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
ABD: anterior belly of digastric
Muscles that move hyoid anterior and superiorly
Palatoglossus
Innervated by XI (accessory) and X (vagus)
Only tongue muscle NOT innervated by CN XII (hypoglossus)
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
all 3 muscles add pressure to push the bolus down - may be residue if any of the muscles are not functioning properly
3 main muscles in pharyngeal wall
Tongue and Velum
Pressure increases in oral cavity
no seal = bolus may fall into pyriform sinus, valleculae, or airway
Linguavelar seal
needs to close so that bolus doesn’t get into nasopharynx
Importance of velopharyngeal closure
Tongue base touches epiglottis and minimally assists in movement
Hyolaryngeal excursion/elevation
Pressure of bolus allows epiglottis to invert
Lack of anterior hyoid movement or lack of bolus pressure = absent epiglottic inversion or residue
3 factors of epiglottic inversion [ESSAY QUESTION?]
suprahyoid muscles move hyoid/larynx anteriorly and superiorly
Contributor for epiglottic inversion and contributes to UES opening
orients airway away from oncoming bolus
Hyolaryngeal excursion
Cricopharyngeus muscle is always contracted and opens when bolus comes through
Cricoid cartilage moves anterior/superior when larynx is elevated therefore opening the cricopharyngeus muscle (volume increases, pressure decreases)
Hypopharyngeal suction: sucks the bolus into esophagus (due to negative pressure below cricopharyngeus muscle)
Cricopharyngeus muscle during Hyolaryngeal Excursion (HLE)
RLN of vagus sends signal to relax the cricopharyngeus muscle
once it is relaxed, it is easier to be pulled open during HLE
Which cranial nerve tells the UES to open
Posterior suprahyoid muscles:
stylohyoid
PBD (posterior belly of digastric)
Anterior suprahyoid muscles
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
ABD
Superior suprahyoid muscle
Hyoglossus
Suprahyoid muscles
Cause
Poor HLE
UES not relaxing
Treatment
strengthening of hyoid muscles (SLPs)
Myotomy (cutting muscle) (refer)
Cause and Treatment for UES not opening
If one or both happen, premature spillage occurs
Pharyngeal onset delay: cohesive bolus reaches valleculae, pyriform sinus, etc. before swallow is initiated (Treatment: chin tuck)
Oral containment impairment: majority of bolus remains in mouth but small amount trickles down into pharynx
Pharyngeal onset delay vs. oral containment impairment
Not usually purchased outside US
Shortage in last 10 years
Expensive
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