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Household Wealth
The value of a household's accumulated savings.
Financial Asset
A nonphysical asset that entitles the buyer to future income from the seller.
Financial Risk
Uncertainty about future outcomes that involve financial losses and gains.
Liquid
An asset that can be quickly converted to cash without much loss of value.
Illiquid
An asset that cannot be quickly converted into cash without much loss of value.
Loan
A lending agreement between an individual lender and an individual borrower.
Bond
An interest-bearing asset that represents a loan to a company or government.
Stock
A type of equity that represents ownership of a company.
Nominal Interest Rate
The interest rate actually paid for a loan.
Real Interest Rate
The nominal interest rate adjusted for inflation.
Money
Any asset that can easily be used to purchase goods and services.
Medium of Exchange
The primary function of money, used in transactions to exchange goods and services.
Store of Value
Money held in savings for future use because it is believed to hold purchasing power over time.
Unit of Account
The function of money used as a measure to set prices and make economic calculations.
Commodity Money
A good used as a medium of exchange that has intrinsic value in other uses.
Fiat Money
A medium of exchange whose value derives entirely from its official status as a means of payment.
Monetary Base
The total amount of currency in circulation or kept on reserve by commercial banks.
M1
Monetary aggregate that includes currency in circulation, checkable bank deposits, and other liquid deposits.
M2
A monetary aggregate that includes M1 plus less liquid 'near monies' that can be readily converted into cash.
Fractional Reserve Banking
A banking system where banks do not keep all of their deposits on reserve, lending out some of them.
Bank Reserves
The currency that banks hold in their vaults plus deposits at the central bank.
Required Reserve Ratio
The percentage of deposits that a commercial bank must hold in reserves.
Required Reserves
The reserves that a bank must hold, as mandated by the central bank.
Excess Reserves
Additional reserves a bank chooses to hold, representing funds available for loans.
Money Demand Curve
Shows the relationship between the quantity of money demanded and the nominal interest rate.
Money Supply Curve
Shows the relationship between the quantity of money supplied and the nominal interest rate, independent of the interest rate.
Monetary Policy
Actions of a central bank to stabilize the economy by influencing aggregate demand through interest rates.
Expansionary Monetary Policy
Monetary policy designed to increase aggregate demand.
Contractionary Monetary Policy
Monetary policy designed to decrease aggregate demand.
Overnight Interbank Lending Rate
The rate banks charge each other for overnight loans.
Limited Reserve System
A system where reserves are scarce, and small changes in reserves shift the money supply.
Ample Reserve System
A system where banks hold high levels of excess reserves, so changes in reserves do not significantly affect interest rates.
Discount Rate
The interest rate the central bank charges on loans to banks.
Open Market Operations (OMOs)
The purchase or sale of government debt (bonds) by a central bank.
Interest on Reserves
The amount the central bank pays in interest to banks for their reserve balances.
Budget Surplus
When tax revenue exceeds government spending.
Budget Deficit
When government spending exceeds tax revenue.
National Savings
The sum of private savings and the budget balance.
Net Capital Inflow
The total inflow of foreign funds minus the total outflow of domestic funds to other countries.
Loanable Funds Market
A hypothetical market that brings together those who want to lend money and those who want to borrow money.
Investment Tax Credit
An amount that firms are allowed by law to deduct from their taxes based on their investment spending.
