ANSC Digestive

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Includes the oral cavity and associated organs ( lips , teeth , tongue , salivary glands ) , esophagus , forestomach in ruminants ( rumen , reticulum , omasum ) , true stomach , small intestine , large intestine , rectum and anus

Digestion

processes used to prepare food for absorption

Mechanical digestion

mastication and muscular contractions of the GIT

Chemical

action of acids in the GIT Activity from enzymes in the GIT Activity from enzymes produced by microorganisms in the GIT

Absorption

the process that move small molecules through membranes of the GIT into the blood so the molecules may be used for their specific function

Prehension

seizing and conveying of food into the mouth kumakain )

Mastication

chewing or the mechanical breakdown of feed

Insalivation

mixing of food with saliva

Deglutition

the act of swallowing

Bolus formation

for ruminants " balls " of food out of the masticated food particles

Absorption

Absorption Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance Evacuation of waste products

peristalsis

muscle activity that moves ingesta from esophagus to the rectum alternate relaxation and contraction rings of smooth muscle in the contraction of longitudinal

segmentation movements

churn and mix the ingesta

segmental resistance and sphincter tone

which retard aboral progression of gut contents

Mouth and buccal cavity

main functions are for prehension , mastication , and insalivation

Esophagus

muscular tube which connects the stomach to the mouth

Pharynx

common passage for food and air

Simple stomach

present in all domestic animals except ruminants

Monogastric

simple stomach animals pigs , horse

Modified simple stomach

==what stomach does C==hicken have

Modified simple stomach

has crop for storage , proventriculus and gizzard for grinding and mixing Feeds

Proventriculus

responsible for the secretion of gastric enzymes for digestion of chicken

Gizzard

responsible for mixing and grinding of feeds

Compound stomach

have four compartment stomach

4 compartments

rumen , reticulum , omasum and abomasum

Rumen Reticulum Omasum

Non glandular forestomach of rumen

Rumen

paunch largest of the 4 compartments

Reticulum

honeycomb Requlates Ingesta

Omasum

book Mascular laminoe Fine particles

Glandular stomach of ruminant

Abomasum

Abomasum

true stomach of ruminants

esophageal groove

present . Through this groove , the passes the rumen and reticulum and is directly digested in the abomasum and intestine This reflex diminishes as the animal matures

Eructation

belching gas

Rumination

a process that permits an animal to forage and ingest food rapidly , then complete the chewing at a later time .

Regurgitation

returning of food / bolus into the mouth

Remastication

rechewing

Reinsalivation

mixing with saliva

Chyme

mushy , semisolid mixture of food , water and gastric juice

Small intestine

site of further digestion and absorption of certain products of the stomach digestion

duodenum jejunum ileum

Small intestine Sections

Duodenum

contains duodenal glands or brunner's gland

Jejunum

has no glands the longest region of the SI long , slender and smaller leaf - like villi

lleum

has no glands - contains Peyer's patches club shaped villi

Large intestine

site of water absorption ; storage of waste material and bacterial digestion of fiber

cecum colon rectum

Large intestine sections

Caecum

blind sac projecting from the LI near the ileo - caecal junction

Colon

longest region of the LI - divided into ascending , transverse , and descending parts

Rectum

short segment between the colon and anus

ANUS

mucocutaneous junction between the rectum and the skin of the body

Salivary glands

ptyalin which acts on starch and glycogen

Pancreas

endocrine ( insulin and glucagon ) exocrine ( produce digestive enzymes which passes through the pancreatic duct

Liver

largest gland - produce bile ( emulsify fat to be acted upon by lipase ) which is then stored in the bladder

Homeotherm

warm blooded animals ; body T independent of that of their environment

Poikiotherm

cold blooded animals ; body T varies directly with the environment

Chemical regulation

Altering the metabolic rate by adjusting the production of certain hormones such as thyroxine and / or epinephrine Shivering and changing muscle tension

vasodilation

widening of blood vessels

vasoconstriction

constriction of blood vessels

Hibernation

condition when animal maintain a high body T under favorable Environmental condition but abandon homeothermy in the cold

Conduction

Involves direct contact of animals with a part of its environment

Convection

Heat transferred to or from the animal by movement of heated air particles

Vaporization

Heat loss depends on : T of the skin Covering of the skin

Rectal temperature

index of deep body Temperature

Cold acclimation

changes occuring during cold exposure for a few weeks and environmental factors remain unchanged

Cold acclimatization

modification developing during slow seasonal change

Heat tolerance

winstanding the extreme heat

Nutrition

processes by which an organism takes and assimilates food for growth, replace damage tissue,

Food

any material that animal takes into its body

Nutrients

feed constituent that aids in the support of life

Digestion

breakdown of food/feed

Absorption

transfer of substance from GIT to blood system

Metabolism

combination of anabolic and catabolic

Anabolism

Constructive metabolism; synthesis of complex molecules from smaller unit

Catabolism

Breakdown of large molecules into smaller units

Macronutrients

water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

Micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals

Metabolic water

water available by metabolic processes

Glucose

source of energy

Carbohydrates

store energy in farm animals body by converting fats

monosaccharides

1 simple sugar

disaccharides

2 simple sugar

oliogosaccharides

less than 10 simple sugar

polyssacharides

many sugar molecules

PVTMATHILL

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

Protein

complex organic compounds made up of amino acids

Lipids

are esters of fatty acids

Silages

(ensiled forages); example: corn, alfalfa,
grass, etc.

Energy feeds

(with less than 20% protein and less
than 18% CF); examples: grain, fruit, nuts, roots
and tubers

Protein supplements

with 20% or more protein from animal origin, including ensiled products

Additives

feed supplements such as antibiotics, coloring materials, flavoring, hormones, etc.

Concentrate feeds

high in digestible nutrients and low in fiber (< 18%).

Bulky feeds.

have higher fiber content than the energy feeds. Some bulky feeds could supply high amounts of protein - brans and pollards.

Plant protein feeds.

Legume seeds and oil extraction residues leaf protein concentrates

Animal protein feeds

fish meals, meat meal, meat and bone meal, and other rendering products.

Liquid supplements.

molasses, oils and fats. Synthetic vitamins and amino acids. Minerals.

Roughages

low in digestible nutrients and high
in fiber.

Genetics

- study of heredity
Concerned with determining mode of inheritance of
transmission of biological properties from
generation to generation

Heredity

\- transfer of genes of generation to
generation

Animal breeding

- improvement of animals by
changing their traits. Evolved to become a system
of science that incorporates genetics.

HERDBOOK

\- initially contained
animal performance and

Phenotypic variation

\- actual variation or each trait
observed in animals