EXAM MUST KNOW CONDITIONS AND TREATMENT VERY IMPORTANT!!!!

What is Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)?

A type of cancer characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of immature myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow.

What leads to the overcrowding of bone marrow in AML?

The massive proliferation of immature white blood cells (myeloblasts).

What is the functional white cell count in AML patients with neutropenia?

It is low despite the high total white blood cell count.

What causes fatigue in AML patients?

Anaemia, resulting from malignant blasts suppressing normal erythropoiesis.

What is thrombocytopenia?

A condition characterized by low platelet counts, often leading to bruising.

How is AML treated?

With urgent, aggressive chemotherapy, often beginning with an induction phase.

What is the typical prognosis for elderly patients with AML?

Generally poor, with a low 5-year survival rate of about 15%.

What is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)?

A type of blood cancer resulting from uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoid stem cells.

What demographic is most affected by ALL?

It is the most common childhood cancer, particularly in children 0-4 years old.

What symptom is associated with bone pain in ALL?

The physical expansion of the marrow space due to large numbers of blast cells.

What systemic symptoms are present in ALL due to bone marrow failure?

Fatigue, fever, and petechiae.

What is the treatment regimen for ALL?

Multi-phase chemotherapy including induction, consolidation, and maintenance phases.

What typically improves the prognosis for children with ALL?

Standard chemotherapy and CNS prophylaxis.

What is Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)?

A chronic malignancy of the myeloid stem cell characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome.

What chromosomal abnormality is associated with CML?

A reciprocal translocation between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22, forming the Philadelphia chromosome.

What protein is encoded by the BCR-ABL fusion gene in CML?

A protein with high, constant tyrosine kinase activity.

What is leukocytosis in CML?

An elevated white blood cell count, usually greater than 220 x 10³/µL.

What symptom leads to splenomegaly in CML?

The extreme accumulation of proliferating myeloid cells.

What does the treatment for CML focus on?

Targeted therapy using Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs), like Imatinib.

What is Chronic Lymphoid Leukaemia (CLL)?

A clonal proliferation of relatively mature B-lymphocytes, often seen in older adults.

What is lymphadenopathy in CLL?

The symmetrical and painless enlargement of lymph nodes due to malignant B-cell accumulation.

What causes recurrent infections in CLL patients?

Dysfunctional B-cells leading to immunosuppression despite high overall WBC counts.

What is the initial approach to managing asymptomatic CLL?

'Watch and Wait' strategy.

What is Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)?

A cancer of malignant B-cells with the characteristic Reed-Sternberg cells.

What are 'B symptoms' in Hodgkin Lymphoma?

Fever, drenching night sweats, and unexplained weight loss.

What is the standard treatment regimen for HL?

Chemoradiotherapy, typically ABVD followed by radiation therapy.

What is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)?

A diverse group of lymphoid tumors predominantly originating from B-cells.

What symptom manifestation differentiates NHL from HL?

The absence of Reed-Sternberg cells in NHL.

What type of anemia is Iron Deficiency Anaemia?

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia caused by inadequate iron supply.

What are common causes of Iron Deficiency Anaemia?

Chronic blood loss or poor diet/absorption.

What are common symptoms of Microcytic Anaemia?

Fatigue, shortness of breath, and pallor due to low hemoglobin.

What is the standard treatment for Iron Deficiency Anaemia?

Oral iron supplementation like ferrous sulfate.

What is Systemic Anaphylaxis?

A severe reaction mediated by Type I hypersensitivity to allergens.

What is the role of IgE in anaphylaxis?

IgE binds to mast cells, triggering degranulation upon re-exposure to the allergen.

What is a primary treatment for systemic anaphylaxis?

Immediate intramuscular injection of Adrenaline (Epinephrine).

What is Allergic Rhinitis?

A localized Type I hypersensitivity reaction, commonly referred to as hay fever.

What causes the symptoms of Allergic Rhinitis?

Histamine release from mast cells due to allergen exposure.

What is the treatment for Allergic Rhinitis?

Antihistamines to block histamine receptors and alleviate symptoms.

What is Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AHA)?

Anemia caused by the immune system damaging red blood cells, classified as Type II hypersensitivity.

What is the typical initial immune response in AHA?

Production of IgG and IgM antibodies against drug-RBC complexes.

What is the primary consequence of Drug-Induced AHA?

Rapid destruction of RBCs leading to anemia and jaundice.

What is Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?

A condition where maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells, an example of Type II hypersensitivity.

How does RhoGAM work in preventing HDN?

It masks Rh+ RBCs in the maternal circulation, preventing an immune response.

What is Serum Sickness?

A Type III hypersensitivity reaction triggered by immune complex deposition.

What occurs during Serum Sickness?

Formation of immune complexes leads to inflammation and systemic symptoms.

What is Farmer's Lung?

A Type III hypersensitivity reaction from chronic exposure to mold antigens.

What is the mechanism behind Contact Dermatitis?

A Type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity mediated by T cells.

What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

An autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antinuclear antibodies.

What is the typical serological finding in SLE?

Presence of anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies.

What drives organ damage in SLE?

Formation of circulating antigen-antibody immune complexes that deposit in tissues.

What are common systemic symptoms of SLE?

Malaise, arthritis, and kidney issues, often leading to Lupus Nephritis.

How is Multiple Myeloma (MM) characterized?

Cancer of the plasma cells leading to bone lesions and paraprotein secretion.

What are common symptoms of Multiple Myeloma?

Bone pain, fracture, hypercalcemia, and fatigue.

What is the standard treatment approach for Multiple Myeloma?

Combination chemotherapy and targeted drugs, often with supportive care.