APUSH Unit 4 part 1

Strict Interpretation

A way of INTERPRETING the Constitution that allows the Federal Gov't to ONLY do those things SPECIFICALLY mentioned in the Constitution

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Judicial Review

review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

Second Bank of the United States

a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.

Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Barbary Pirates (1801)

Pirates decided to attack U.S. now that they weren't under British rule. Pirates demanded money the U.S. did not have, so the pirates started attacking U.S. merchant ships

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

incident in 1807 that brought on a war crisis when the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake; the British demanded to board the American ship to search for deserters from the Royal Navy. When the U.S. commander refused, the British attacked, killing or wounding 20 American sailors. Four alleged deserters were then removed from the Chesapeake and impressed. Many angry and humiliated Americans called for war.

Quids

Republicans who criticized the War of 1812 (even though it was started by a Republican president) because it did not follow the traditional Republican idea of limited federal government.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

"Old Ironsides"

United States 44-gun frigate that was one of the first three naval ships built by the United States

Oliver Hazard Perry

Naval officer who led the US victory over the British on Lake Erie in 1813

Battle of the Thames (1813)

William Henry Harrison pushed up the river Thames into Upper Canada and on October 4, 1813, won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh, who was serving as a brigadier general in the British army. This battle resulted in no lasting occupation of Canada, but weakened and disheartened the Indians of the Northwest.

Francis Scott Key and "The Star Spangled Banner"

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.

Creek Nation

This American Indian tribe was an important British ally in the War of 1812 until being defeated by Andrew Jackson.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Old Northwest

Region north and west of the Ohio River, included Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, MIchigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota.

John Deere and Cyrus McCormick

John Deere: Invented steel plow Cyrus McCormick: invented mechanical reaper

Lancaster Turnpike

Built in the 1790s, this first highway was developed in response to the ineffectiveness of slow water transportation and uncertain road transportation. It stretched from Philadelphia to Lancaster and inspired many other turnpike projects.

National or Cumberland Road

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Interchangable parts

Identical machine parts that could be quickly put together to make a complete product

Textile Mills

the factories where cloth is made

Lowell System

Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life.

Cotton Gin

a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber

Suffrage

the right to vote in political elections

King Caucus

Up until 1820, presidential candidates were nominated by caucuses of the two parties in Congress, but in 1824, this idea was overthrown., Andrew Jackson's term for selection process of candidates

Anti-Masonic Party

a 19th century minor political party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry, and was founded as a single-issue party, aspiring to become a major party

Workingmen's Party

A political third party that was not as large as the Democrat or Whig party.

Rotation in office

President Andrew Jackson's policy of limiting a person to one term in office so he could then appoint a Democrat to replace them.

Corrupt Bargain

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

The frontier

a wilderness at the edge of a settled area of a country

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Cherokee Nation v Georgia

first attempt of Cherokees to gain complete sovereign rule over their nation

Trail of Tears

the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Webster-Hayne Debate

Debate between Senators Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne over nullification.

Proclamation of the people of South Carolina

President Andrew Jackson's edict stating nullification and disunion were treason.

Democrats

Party led by Jackson - "Common Man"; pro states' rights; against the Bank of the US

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government