Measuring Behavioral Differences Related to Neuropsychological Disorders

These flashcards cover key concepts, definitions, and terminology from the lecture on measuring behavioral differences related to neuropsychological disorders.

Delayed Gratification

The ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward.

Stanford Marshmallow Test

A psychological experiment that measures children's ability to delay gratification by waiting to receive two marshmallows instead of one.

Impulsivity

The tendency to act quickly without thought, often resulting in mistakes.

Go/No-Go Task

A behavioral task used to measure impulsivity where participants must respond to specific cues and refrain from responding to others.

Errors of Omission

Missed responses to targets, indicating inattention.

Errors of Commission

Responses made when one is not supposed to respond, indicating impulsivity.

Hyperfocus

An intense concentration on a task, often seen in individuals with ADHD when they are particularly interested.

Iowa Gambling Task

An assessment that evaluates decision-making and risk-taking behavior, particularly in individuals with executive functioning deficits.

Dual Pathway Model of ADHD

A theoretical model suggesting ADHD involves dysfunction in both reward pathways and executive control pathways.

Default Mode Network (DMN)

A network of brain regions active during rest and mind-wandering, believed to be improperly regulated in ADHD.

Pharmacological Treatment

The use of medications to manage symptoms of ADHD, commonly involving stimulants.

Psychostimulants

A class of drugs used to treat ADHD, effective in 70-90% of cases, which increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity.

Methylphenidate

A stimulant medication for ADHD, also known by the brand names Ritalin and Concerta.

Amphetamines

A class of stimulants including drugs like Adderall, used to treat ADHD by increasing levels of certain neurotransmitters.

Sleep Deprivation

A condition resulting from a lack of sleep, which can mimic symptoms of ADHD.

Person-first Language

A linguistic approach that emphasizes the individual before their condition, e.g., 'a person with ADHD'.

Identity-first Language

A linguistic approach that prioritizes the person's identity tied to their condition, e.g., 'an autistic person'.

Neurodiversity

The viewpoint that neurological conditions such as autism should be recognized and respected as a social variation rather than disorders to be fixed.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A developmental disorder characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and behavior.

DSM-5

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a classification system for mental health disorders.