Introduction to Art History: Europe Midterm - Fordham University

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Name: Ajax and Achilles Playing a Game

Time Period: 540-530 BCE

Medium: Black-figure painting on ceramic amphora

Maker: Exekias

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Name: Kroisos Kouros from Anavysos (near Athens)

Time Period: 530 BCE

Material: Marble originally polychromed

Significance of Ajax and Achilles Playing a Game

2 warriors from homer's iliad take a rest from battle to play a game with dice

heros in trojan war not gods

achilles on left ajax on right

friends - both die in end

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Name: Pallette of Narmer

Time Period: Early Dynastic Period, 2950 BCE

Medium: Green Schist

Significance of the Kroisos Kouros

- The left leg is out, both knees are locked, the and weight is evenly distributed on both legs.

- The hair is braided in a traditional style (curls) with a traditional headband.

- Archaic Smile: half smile which speaks of a figure that transcends this world, that has a sense of aristocratic nobility.

- This was a grave marker set up by an aristocratic family as a grave marker to their son who died in a war.

- Not of a specific individual, but of an idealized perfect body.

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Name: Amiens Cathedral

Time Period: 1220-1269

Material: Limestone

Architects: Robert de Luzarches, Thomas de Cormont, Renaud de Cormont

What is the significance of this artifact?

Hierarchy:

Depicted in the size and scale of the figures, which are not relative to their actual size. In their comical size however, they signify the importance of each figure

Example of Hierarchy:

The sandal-bearer, the king's servant, is significantly SMALLER than the king and the opponent he defeated.

The COMPARABLE size of the two combative figures ACCENTUATES the TRIUMPH the king has over a formidable OPPONENT, most likely the RULER OF LOWER EGYPT

Utility:

Despite the paramount DECORATIVE NATURE, it does have utility. The LATTER SIDE on the GROUND LINE are TWO ANIMALS their necks exorbitantly OUTSTRETCHED AND INTERTWINED forming NEGATIVE SPACE in which a depression for the preparing of EYE MAKEUP is created

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Name: Last Judgement tympanum, Central portal

Time Period: 1220-69

Location: Amiens

Material:Limestone

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Name: Khafre

Time Period: 2520-2494 BCE

Medium: Diorite

Location: Pyramids at Giza

Significance of Amiens Cathedral

1220-1269

- Gothic cathedral as a civic/religious monument - towers over the rest of the town, becomes iconic image. Dominates the landscape

- Cruciform plan of cathedral (basilica plan)

- Constructed after old cathedral is destroyed

- Use of geometric proportions - (central crossing has Noah's ark proportions --> cathedral as a vehicle to salvation (height + light bring you closure to heaven)

- Enter in west facade (bottom of cross), idea of processing to something (apse), movement

- Altar = in east, where the sun rises, sun rises (Jesus rises)

-use of buttresses and pointed arches

What is the significance of this artifact?

Unique Attributes:

Khafre differs from many other Ancient works in that its very RIGID and RECTILINEAR as opposed to the

CYLINDRIQUE design of MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE.

Evocations:

The DRIVE TO DIFFERENTIATE Khafre from past ancient works may come from a DESIRE for the art to RADIATE STRENGTH and PERMANENCE

Significance of Central portal Amiens

- Portals show suffering and death --> entry leads to resurrection

- Tympanum shows the last judgment, resurrection

- Jesus = in center, left = hell, right = heaven

- St. Michael below Jesus = weighing souls

- Moralizing message: model life like Jesus and your soul will be weighed favorably

- Church as vehicle to salvation

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Name: King Menkaure and Queen

Time Period: Old Kingdom, 2490-2472 BCE

Medium: Greywacke

Location: Pyramids of Giza

What is the significance of this piece?

Similarity to Khafre:

Menkaure and Queen share the same FORMAL AND EXPRESSIVE FEATURES, indicating the SHARED LINEAGE Menkaure and Khafre have.

Social Implications:

The king's anatomy aligns with the IDEAL IMAGE OF AN EGYPTIAN MAN as he is ATHLETIQUE.

Ideological Balance:

The figure display a contrapposto stance (Menkaure's is more dramatic than the Queen's) The king's stride forward ACCENTUATES his STRENGTH, impearative physically and politically in Egyptian culture.

The king's strength and imposition is FOILED by the QUEEN'S SIMILAR SIZE and CURVY ANATOMY

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Name: Seated Scribe

Time Period: Fifth Dynasty, 2450-2325 BCE

Medium: Painted Limestone with Stone Inlays

What is the significance of this piece?

Hierarchy in Anatomy:

The hierarchy of EGYPTIAN SOCIETY is shown in the ANATOMY of the scribe as it DOES NOT

meet the STANDARDS for the IDEAL Egyptian Male.

The anatomy indicates that his life is FREE FROM HARD LABOUR

Occupation in Body Language:

The papyrus SCROLL he is holding delicately, with his HAND UNDER the scroll indicate that he is unraveling it.

The ALERT expression the figure displays evokes INTELLIGENCE and ATTENTION as his PUPILS

are slightly OFF-CENTER

The POLISHED CRYSTAL INLAY gives the eyes the illusion of LIQUIDITY, ATTRACTING the observers eyes as they may initially think the figure is a real person

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Name: Seated Statue of Hatshepsut

Time Period: New Kingdom, 1479-1459 BCE

Medium: limestone and paint

What is the significance of this figure?

Gender-roles Broken:

The depiction of Hatshepsut echoes that of Khafre, showing the blurred line gender roles had relative to many other societies successive to Ancient Egypt.

Her similar attributes to Khafre can be attributed to her ascension to kingship, her role as king was not differentiated by gender, and that is displayed in the work of art.

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Name: Kouros

Time Period: 590-580 BCE

Medium: Marble

What is the significance of this figure?

Egyptian Influence:

Influence of Egyptian Art is evident in the CONTRAPPOSTO STANCE of Kouros

ATHLETIC BUILD - KOUROS literally means YOUNG MAN

Egyptian Difference:

The figure is EVOKES more ENERGY and LIVELINESS since its arms and legs are more autonomous from the building materials

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Name: Peplos Kore

Time Period: 6th Century BCE

Medium: Marble

Location: The Acropolis at Athens

**NOT ON SLIDES

What is the significance of this figure?

Femininity:

Depicted in the SOFT DELICATE FLESH of the statue, rounded body, CURVY

The Lively Goddess:

The figure was ORIGINALLY adorned in a SHEATH OF PAINT

Once wore a METAL CROWN AND JEWELERY, signifying her importance, and making her even more life-like

The statue was ORIGINALLY THOUGHT to be wearing the garment of a young girl, the garment is only a thin sheath originally presented a FRIEZE OF ANIMALS, which are typical of depictions of Hellenic deities, possibly ATHENA OR ARTEMIS

*NOT ON SLIDES

Name: Polykleitos, Spear Bearer (Doryphoros)

Time Period: 450-440 BCE

Medium: ORIGINALLY BRONZE. The figure shown is a ROMAN COPY in MARBLE

What is the significance of this figure?

Culmination of Study:

POLYKLEITOS represents this culmination of extensive SRIDES OF SCULPTORS to UNIFY DESIRABLE human anatomy and features into ONE WORK

The Ideal Hellenic Male:

What the sculptors found PARAMOUNT to beauty were SYMMETRICAL, DEFINED facial features, SMOOTH SKIN , LARGE and EVEN body proportions and ratios

Polyleitos became the CANON of the HUMAN MALE but those seeking to suppress foreign cultures saw only the colour of the medium used.

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Name: Parthenon, NW Angle

Time Period: 447-432 BCE High Classical Period

Medium: Pantalique Marble

Location: Athens

Architects: Iktinos and Kallikrates

What is the significance of this structure?

Historical Longevity:

The classification of the Parthenon under the "High Classical Period" reflect the judgements of art historians of the art being at the magnum opus of artwork.

Symbol of Liberal Democracy:

The Parthenon has historically been a symbol for free societies, especially in the West, as the construction of the sculpture coinsides with the rule of Perkiles, who is famous for his Oration which espoused liberal democratic values free societies hold paramount today

Structure and Design:

Because long columns of strucutures seem to concentrate at the center from a distance, due to optical illusions the architects show their expertise in the ENTASIS of the columns which combat this optical illusions as well as reducing space between the columns at the extremities of each side.

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Name: Reclining male figure (possibly Dionysos or Herakles) from the east pediment of the Parthenon

Time Period: 438-432 BCE

Medium: Marble

What is the significance of this series?

Politics of Repatriation:

In modern times, Sculptures of the East Pediment have become ground zero for the politics of repatriation, as they were acquired by the British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.

The sculptures are a reminder of Turkish and British oppression and political meddling in the early Greek state, after its independence in 1821

Politics of Religious Suppression:

The central portion of the pediment is missing because for Christian appropriation of the Parthenon and their building of an apse at the end.

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Name: Lapith and Centaur metope from the Parthenon

Time Period: 447-432 BCE

Medium: Marble, Ionic frieze

What is the significance of this Ionic frieze?

Beauty Depicted in Battle:

The movements of both the man and centaur evoke notions of choreography.

Wider Vision:

Represents a triumph over animal passions, depicting the long struggle between man and nature.

New British Museum

New Acropolis Museum

Significance:

Politics of Repatriation

Ottoman Occupation of Greece

British Influence of Greece and the Ottoman Empire

Political Power

Social Power

Worldly Power

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Name: Augustus of Primaporta

Time Period: Early First Century CE

Medium: Marble, (originally POLYCHROMED)

Location: Musei Vaticani

What is the significance of this statue?

Political Implications:

Exemplifies the end of Rome's Republican Age and the concentration of authoritative power

Authority bled into the making of the sculpture as it was made in the image of how Augustus wanted to be presented

Echoes heroic elements of Polykleitos, and portrays Augustus in his youth instead of at the old age he had at the time

Augustinian power is displayed in the detail of the BODY ARMOR which displays the defeat of barbarians with religious overtones

The bare feet has led some scholars to believe the sculpture was made after his death, and commemorated his apotheosis and elevation to divinity.

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Name: Alter of Augustinian Peace / Ara Pacis Augustae

Time Period: 13-9 BCE On the precipice of the Common Era

Medium: Marble (originally polychromed)

Location: Rome

What is the significance of this piece ?

Greco-Roman Synthesis:

Synthesizes ROMAN TRADITIONS and HELLENIC CLASSICISM

Greco-Roman Difference:

Hellenic sculptors created an ideal procession for the Parthenon frieze

Roman sculptors depicted real people at a real event

War and Peace:

Commemorates Augustus's return to Rome after the conquering of Gaul, (modern day France) making the message the altar depicts contradictory

Unity:

Beyond war and peace, the sculpture ultimately unifies religion, politics, publicity, and seclusion.

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Name: Arch of Titus and Relief of the Interior

Time Period: 81 CE

Medium: Concrete and Marble

Location: Rome, Jerusalem Depicted

What is the significance of the Arch and its interior?

Dedication of Triumph:

The arch was one of the first triumphal arches which became characteristic of Roman architecture and a staple of the architecture of authoritarian or worldly dominant powers

Military History:

Depicts the capture of Jerusalem by Roman forces in the same century

The relief depicts the drama of the event in military history, and the appropriation of a menorah, which characterizes Roman rule from then on.

Architronics and Public Space:

The Arch of Titus in its monumentality reminded Jerusalemers of where power lies in their city.

The interior relief depicts spoils from the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem

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Name: Column of Trajan

Time Period: 113-116 CE

Medium: Marble

Location: Rome

What is the significance of this monument?

Theme of War:

The theme of war is prevelent once again, the monument is dedicated to the conquer of Daçia, (modern day Romania)

Attributes:

Characterized by a high density of relief

Each figure is individual

The only recurring figure is Emperor Trajan

Propagandous:

The scene begins at the bottom of the spiral with soldiers crossing the Danube lead by Trajan.

The column is placed at the center of gravity of the public forum as to spread the propaganda most effectively.

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Name: Portrait Head of the Emperor Vespasian, perhaps carved from a portrait of Nero

Time Period: 70-90 CE

Medium: Marble

What is the significance of this sculpted portrait?

Wow, not photoshopped:

- The portraiture depicts the emperor aged, wrinkles, an extended nose, slight towel, and a slight frown signify his age and wisdom.

The End of an Era:

Vespasian was the fourth and last emperor of the Four Emperors Dynasty, and the depiction of age might indicate the troubled times the Roman Empire found itself, socially, militarily, and politically.

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Name: Portrait of the boy Eutyches

Time Period: 100-50 CE

Medium: Encaustic and paint on wood

Location: originally from Egypt. now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

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Name: The Tetrarchs

Time Period: 300 CE

Medium: Poryphry

Location: originally from Constantinople, now on facade of Cathedrale San Marco, Venice

What is the significance of this Trifecta?

Historical Context:

The sculpture is from the Swan Song of the Roman Empire

Imperial rule devolved from autocratic to dictatorial, and dissolving the empire between four rulers known as the Tetrarchs

Ambiguity:

The ambiguous nature of the figures, which don't appear to depict anyone in particular indicate how far the rift between the people and leadership has separated

The figures also evoke a sense of alertness with hostile overtures, perhaps alluding to the uncomfortability of a new government structure, and the people that they theoretically serve

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Name: interior of the Hagia Sofia

Location: Istanbul

Built: 532-537CE

What is the significance of this structure?

Politico-Religiousity

- Embodies both Imperial power and Christian glory

Architronics:

- Tested the bounds of architecture with its vaulted construction on an unprecedented scale

- The pinnacle of the structure is the iconic dome which allowed light to elegantly flow into the processional space

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Name: The Crucifixion and Iconoclasts

Time Period: Mid 9th Century

Medium: Tempera on Vellum

What is the significance of this image?

Iconoclasm:

- The image depicts the period of iconoclasm that defined the 8th and early 9th centuries

- Iconoclasm is defined as the destruction of religious imagery, and designating such imagery as heresy

- The iconoclasm of religious imagery in a Christian context may come from Islam's increasing influence in the region, of which its religious doctrine holds paramount depictions of Mohammed should not be produced and displayed

- Iconoclasm is usually in response to a fear that worship will transfer to an icon and an image rather than the deity itself

Name: Overall and 3 different mosaics

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Name: Glass Mosaics of Saint Vitale

Christ Enthroned, Emperor Justinian and his Attendants, and Empress Theodora and her attendants

Time Period: 547 CE

Location: Ravenna

What is significant about this Mosaic?

- Christ Enthroned

- Justinian and his attendants

- Theodora and her attendants

Represent gift-giving to Christ upon his ascension

they're ****ing icons okay

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Name: Lamb of God

Time Period: 520-547 BCE

Location: Church of San Vitale Ravenna

Medium: Glass Mosaic

What is the significance of the Reliquary of Sainte-Foy?

Charactature of Iconoclast's fear

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Name: Reliquary of Sainte-Foy Time Period: c. 1000 Location: Conques Medium: Silver gilt over wood core with gems and cameos

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Name: Virgin and Child

Time Period: Late 12th Century

Medium: oak with polychromy

Location: Metropolitan Museum of Art

What is the significance of Virgin and Child?

Insights into an Old-Joe Church

- only wealthy and popular churches could afford works made of precious materials adorned in jewels, smaller churches usually had wood to satisfy their devotional needs

Gaia's Cancelled:

Mary was known as the earthly mother who gave Jesus his human nature, and therefore the culmination of his suffering depicted in her facial expression

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Name: South Portal, TYMPANUM showing Christ in Majesty

Time Period: 1115 CE

Location: Priory Church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac

Medium: Marble Relief

What is the significance of this tympanum

Instapilgrim:

Artwork located at a major site for pilgrimage

Hierarchy:

figure it out

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Name: Gislebertus (?) Last Judgement Tympanum

Location: Autun, France

Time Period: 1120-30 CE

Medium: Marble

What is the significance of this relief?

On the pilgrimage south

A reminder for those who won't complete it????

Look at the shit you'll experience y'all