BOT 313 Families and Fruits

Cal Poly BOT 313 - Winter 2023 - Grossenbacher

Pinaceae (pine family)

Very large trees to shrubs

Monoecious

Primary scales and secondary needle-like leaves in fascicles

Male cone with two sacs per cone scale

Female cone scales open laterally

Ephedraceae

Shrubs or woody vines

Dioecious

Leaves dry, scale-like, opposite, whorled

Stems with elongated internodes, green, photosynthetic, grooved

Compound strobili, stalked clusters of anther-like pollen sacs and ovules 1-2

Cupressaceae

Trees and shrubs, evergreen or deciduous

Includes redwoods, junipers, and cedar

Monoecious or dioecious

Leaves scale- or needle-like (never in fascicles)

Male cones >2 sacs per cone scale

Female cones woody or fleshy, scales peltate (soccer ball-like)

Cycadaceae (cycad family)

Palm-like, erect/subterranean trunks

Evergreen pinnately compound leaves, often with circinate vernation

Dioecious

Massive pollen-producing strobili

Megasporophylls in strobili-like terminal bud with many fan-shaped blades with multiple ovules on margins of petiole

Zamiaceae (coontie family)

Palm-like, erect/subterranean trunks

Evergreen pinnately compound leaves, often with circinate vernation

Dioecious

Massive pollen-producing strobili

Megasporophyll produced in strobili by lateral buds, blades reduced to scales, each with two ovules

Ginkgoaceae

Branches with long and short shoots

Fan-shaped, deciduous leaves

Dichotomous venation

Fleshy, plum-like seeds

Ancestral vs derived trends in floral evolution

Parts ∞ vs parts fewer

No elaboration vs elaborate/derived

Parts free (not fused) vs parts often fused

Radial symmetry vs bilateral/biradial symmetry

Amborellales

1 family, 1 genus, 1 species ((Amborella trichopoda)

Basal angiosperm only in New Caledonia

Sister to all other angiosperms

Magnoliaceae

Magnoliid

Woody trees or shrubs

∞-merous

Ring of scars around nodes from fallen tepals

Superior ovary

Stamens are laminar (filament blends into anther)

Fruit type: aggregate of follicle, samara, and berry

Lauraceae

Magnoliid

Tree or shrub (rarely parasitic vine)

Aromatic oil glands

Leaves simple, alternate (whorled or opposite), evergreen

Flowers small, bi- or uni-sexual, radial with undifferentiated perianth

3-12 stamens, 2-4 anthers

Single, superior ovary

Pollen escapes through valves in the anthers

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Monocot characteristic features

(usually)

Fibrous roots

Scattered vascular bundles

No cambium

Parallel leaf venation

3-merous

Araceae

Aquatic or terrestrial herbs or shrubs

Inflorescence is a spadix: dense, fleshy spike subtended by a spathe (basally sheathing petaloid bract)

Bi- or uni-sexual sessile, radial flowers with 4-6 (or absent) fleshy tepals and 1-8 stamens

Superior ovary

Fruit type: berry

Record for largest unbranched inflorescence

Most leaves do not have parallel venation (reversal)

Liliaceae

Perennial herbs from bulbs and rhizomes

Leaves alternate or whorled, sessile with sheathing base, simple

Perianth 3-merous, sepals and petals differentiated or tepals in two whorls

3 connate carpels

Superior ovary

Fruit type: capsule or berry

Iridaceae

Herbs with underground stems (rhizomes, bulbs, corms)

Leaves simple, mostly linear and basal, 2-ranked and equitant (vertically folded with upper surface hidden and fused)

Flowers bisexual, radial or bilateral, 3 sepals and 3 petals or 6 tepals, 3 stamens

Inferior ovary

Fruit type: loculicidal capsule

Arecaceae (palm family)

Perennial trees, occasionally shrubs or lianas

Secondary growth is absent

Monopodial growth

Leaves pinnate (Feather Palms) or palmately (Fan Palms) compound or lobed, blades large and plicate (folded), petiole elongate and stout (maybe with armament), base sheathing

May have crown shaft (overlapping leaf bases)

Inflorescence axillary (terminal), bracteate (peduncle subtended by a large bract)

Flowers bi- or uni-sexual, perianth 3-merous, 3 carpels

Superior ovary

Fruit type: drupe or berry, usually 1 seed per fruit

Juncaceae (rush family)

In Poales

“Rushes are round”

Annual or perennial herbs

Mostly wetland habitats

Stems mostly cylindrical

Leaves basally sheathing, mostly basal, sometimes cauline, blades linear, cylindric, or reduced to blade-less sheaths (equitant)

Perianth 3-merous with 6 tepals

3 or 6 stamens, 3 connate carpels with long stigmas

Fruit type: capsule

Cyperaceae (sedge family)

In Poales

“Sedges have edges”

Annual or perennial herbs

Mostly wetland habitats

Stems usually triangular

Leaves basal or cauline, typically 3-ranked, blades linear, triangular, or reduced to bladeless sheaths

Inflorescence of one to many spikelets, each consisting of a central axis with overlapping, scale-like bracts; flowers borne in the axils of the bracts

Perianth is bristles or absent, 3 stamens, 1 pistil, 2 (biconvex, 2 stigmas) or 3 (triangular, 3 stigmas) connate carpels with 1 locule and 1 ovule

Fruit type: achene

Carex is the largest genus in CA

Carex

In Cyperaceae

Largest genus in CA

Imperfect flowers

Monoecious or dioecious

Staminate flowers with 3 stamens

Pistillate flowers with a perigynium and a second, scale-like bract

Fleshy fruits

Berry (Pepo and Hespiridium), Pome, Drupe

Berry

1 pistil

Fleshy pericarp

1-many seeds

E.g.: blueberry, banana, tomato, pepper

Pepo

Type of berry

1 pistil

Fleshy pericarp

Leathery/thick exocarp

Often many seeds

Parietal placentation

E.g.: Cucurbitaceae (cucumber, zucchini, cantaloupe)

Hespiridium

Type of berry

1 pistil

Fleshy pericarp

Leathery/thick exocarp with volatile compounds

Many seeds

1 ovary/locule per section

Modified trichomes on inner wall of ovary

E.g.: Rutaceae (citrus)

Pome

1 pistil

Fleshy hypanthium (accessory tissue)

Cartilaginous endocarp

Usually 5 seeds

Inferior placentation

E.g.: apple

Drupe

1 pistil

Fleshy mesocarp

Stony/hard endocarp

1 seed

E.g.: coconut, mango

Dry fruits

Dehiscent and Indehiscent fruits

Dehiscent fruits

Split open to release seeds

Split into mericarps (1-carpellate segments)

Legumes

Follicles

Capsules

Legume

Dry, dehiscent fruit

1 pistil

1 carpel

Dry at maturity

Dehisces along 2 sutures

E.g.: Fabaceae

Follicle

Dry, dehiscent fruit

1 pistil

1 carpel

Dry at maturity

Dehisces along 1 suture

Apocarpus gynoecia can mature into >1 follicle from 1

Capsule

Dry, dehiscent fruit

1 compound pistil

Usually dry at maturity

Dehisces into valves (loculicidal, septicidal, circumscissile)

Indehiscent fruit

Dry fruits

Achene

Nuts

Caryopsis

Utricle

Samara

Schizocarp

Nutlet

Achene

Dry, indehiscent fruit

1 pistil

1 seed

Dry at maturity

Seed attached to pericarp at 1 point

Pericarp usually thin

Nut

Dry, indehiscent fruit

1 pistil

1 seed

Dry at maturity

Seed attached to pericarp at 1 point

Pericarp hard and stony

Caryopsis

Dry, indehiscent fruit

1 pistil

Usually 1 seed

Dry at maturity

Seed coat adnate to pericarp

E.g.: Poaceae

Utricle

Dry, indehiscent fruit

1 pistil

1 seed

Dry at maturity

Seed attached to pericarp at 1 point

Pericarp thin and papery, inflated, “bowling ball in a plastic bag”

Samara

Dry, indehiscent fruit

1 pistil

Dry at maturity

Pericarp thin and papery, winged

Schizocarp

Dry, indehiscent fruit

1 compound pistil

Each carpel and pistil separates into own fruitlet called “mericarp”

Nutlet

Dry, indehiscent fruit

1 pistil

1 seed

Each carpel and pistil separates into own fruitlet called “mericarp”

E.g.: Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae, many Boraginaceae

Synapomorphies of vascular plants

Roots

Endodermis

Sieve elements (phloem) and tracheary cells (xylem)

Lignin

Alternation of generations

Selaginellaceae

Spike-Moss Family

In Lycopodiophyta

Perennial herb, rarely tree-like, no rhizomes

Sporangia produced on sporophylls; Spores of 2 kinds; many microspores per microsporangium; four megaspores per megasporangium.

Lycophylls

Monilophytes

Ferns and friends

Have true leaves with a leaf gap

Equisetaceae

Polypodiopsida

Equisetaceae (horsetail family)

Perennial herb

Stems hollow, ribbed, two ring canals

Leaves reduced to microphylls, whorled and fused

Reproduce by spores in a sporangiophore

Sporangia are homosporous, born in terminal strobili subtended by a whorl of sheathing leaves

Spores with elators

Some have rhizomes with tubers

Some have dimorphic aerial shoots (photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic shoots)

Polypodiopsida

Ferns with leptosporangium (mohawk sporangia)

Rhizome with nodes and fronds/leaves

Circinate vernation

Pteridaceae

Dryopteridaceae

Polypodiaceae

Dryopteridaceae (wood fern family)

Leaves usually compound

Petioles NOT wire-like

Sporangia in round, dot-like sori on abaxial leaf face

True indusium

Polypodiaceae:

Leaves, petioles, sporangia location, indusium

Polypody Family

Leaves simple, often deeply lobed

Petioles NOT wire-like

Sporangia in round, dot-like sori on abaxial face

No indusium

Pteridaceae:

Leaves, petioles, sporangia location, indusium

Brake/Maidenhair Fern Family

Leaves simple or compound

Petioles wire-like

Sori marginal or sporangia scattered on abaxial face

False or no indusium

Family?

Aizoaceae

Family?

Aizoaceae

Family?

Aizoaceae

Family? Fruit type?

Aizoaceae, capsule

Family?

Aizoaceae

Family?

Aizoaceae

Azioaceae:

Habit, leaves, inflorescence, flowers, perianth, stamens, carpels, fruit, habitat

Habit: herbs, subshrubs, generally with succulent leaves

Leaves: opposite, alternate, sometimes in basal rosettes, flat to cylindric or triangular in cross section, usually thick and fleshy, sometimes covered with bead-like papillae; stipules present or more commonly absent

Inflorescence: flowers solitary or in cymes

Flowers: perfect, radial Perianth: sepals (3-) 4–5 (-8), distinct, often thick and fleshy, unequal, sometimes abaxially sepaloid, adaxially petaloid; petals 0 or many, narrow, probably derived from staminodes

Stamens: (3–) many

Carpels: 2–many, connate; styles or sessile stigmas 1 per carpel; locules (1) or 3–many, placentation axile, parietal with septa, rarely basal or free central; ovary superior or partially to wholly inferior

capsule, (berry, indehiscent, nutlike)

Araceae:

Habit, leaves, inflorescence, flowers, perianth, stamens, carpels, fruit, habitat

Habit: minute to large herbs, "shrubs," or vines, (duckweeds)

Leaves: alternate, all basal, basal and cauline, or all cauline, sessile or usually petioled with sheathing base, simple and entire to deeply lobed or 1 or more times compound. Veins parallel, pinnate, or palmate, finer veins netted or parallel.

Inflorescence in duckweeds reduced to 1 or 2 flowers without bracts, in larger plants a fleshy spike (spadix), usually subtended and often +- enwrapped by a basally sheathing, sepaloid or petaloid bract (spathe).

Flowers perfect or imperfect (plants monoecious or dioecious)

Perianth absent or present; tepals 2–6, often 4, fleshy, not differentiated into sepals and petals;.

Stamens 2–6(–12), often 4, anthers sessile, distinct or connate.

Carpels 1–3(–many), connate; ovary superior or sunken into inflorescence axis; locules 1–3(–many); ovules 1–many; style absent or very short, stigma head-like or flat and disc-like. Fruit a follicle (in duckweeds) or berry, or berries coalescing into multiple fruit.

Family?

Araceae

Family?

Araceae

Family?

Araceae (duckweed)

Arecaceae:

Habit, leaves, inflorescence, flowers, perianth, stamens, carpels, fruit

Palm Family

Habit: trees, shrubs, or woody vines; vascular cambium absent

Leaves large to very large, all cauline, closely alternate, with sheathing bases, long-petioled, simple and entire to ± palmately lobed (fan-palms) or 1–2-pinnate (feather-palms); segments with V-shaped folds.

Inflorescence usually a panicle, often very large and many-flowered, subtended by 1 or more fibrous to woody spathes.

Flowers perfect or imperfect, the plants monoecious, dioecious, synoecious, or with combination of perfect and imperfect flowers.

Perianth usually 3-merous, radial; tepals 6, all sepaloid or all petaloid, distinct or ± connate.

Stamens 6–many; filaments distinct or filaments ± connate, free or ± adnate to perianth.

Carpels 3(–6), ± distinct to wholly connate; ovary superior; placentation marginal or axile; ovules 1 per locule; styles distinct or connate, stigmas 3.

Fruit a drupe or berry (or aggregate of drupes or berries); seeds 1(–3).

Family? Type?

Aceaceae, feather palm

Family? Type?

Areacaceae, fan palm

Cross section of what family?

Arecaceae

Family?

Arecaceae

Boraginaceae:

Habit, leaves, inflorescence, flowers, perianth, stamens, carpels, fruit

Borage Family (Boraginaceae and Hydrophyllaceae)

Habit: herbs, shrubs, trees, or root-parasitic herbs (Lennoaceae)

Leaves: alternate or opposite, simple and entire to pinnately 1 or more times lobed, divided, or compound Inflorescence: determinate—cymes, generally scorpioid in alternate-leaved species, sometimes head-like, sometimes in panicle-like secondary clusters

Flowers: perfect

Perianth: 5-merous (most) or 4–10-merous. Sepals distinct or weakly to strongly connate. Petals connate; corolla tubular to funnelform, salverform, or rotate; appendages often present at junction of tube and throat.

Stamens: 5(4–10), alternate with corolla lobes, epipetalous

Carpels: 2, connate; ovary 1–2-loculed with 2--many axile or parietal ovules and terminal style or ovary 4-lobed, 4-loculed with 1 basal-axile ovule per locule and apical or gynobasic style

Fruit: capsule or (1–)4 one-seeded nutlets

Family?

Boraginaceae

Family?

Boraginaceae

Family?

Boraginaceae

Family?

Boraginaceae

Family?

Boraginaceae

Family?

Boraginaceae

Family?

Boraginaceae

Family?

Boraginaceae

Family?

Boraginaceae

Family?

Boraginaceae

Cactaceae:

Habit, leaves, inflorescence, flowers, perianth, stamens, carpels, fruit

Habit: herbs to trees, generally stem-succulents

Leaves: primary leaves (those attached to main stems) with expanded blades in subf. Pereskioideae, reduced to fleshy cones or cylinders in subf. Opuntioideae, or not developed beyond leaf primordia in subf. Cactoideae. Secondary leaves (those formed from areoles) developed as fascicles of needle-like spines. Spines in subf. Opuntioideae of two kinds—stiff, needle-like spines (smooth or in Cylindropuntia barbed) and tiny hair-like barbed glochids.

Inflorescence: cymes or solitary flowers in subf. Pereskioideae, solitary flowers emerging from areoles in subfamilies Opuntioideae and Cactoideae

Flowers: perfect, epigynous, sunken into stem tissue, often with spine-bearing areoles on outside of inferior ovary

Perianth: radial or less commonly (in some Cactoideae) bilateral; perianth of spirally attached tepals, the outer ± sepaloid in color and texture, the inner petaloid, united at base with stamens and stem tissue as hypanthium that is proximally adnate to ovary

Stamens: many, distinct, filaments adnate to hypanthium

Carpels: several to many, connate; ovary inferior, 1-loculed, placentation diffusely parietal, ovules many, distributed over inner face of ovary; style 1, unbranched; stigmas several– many, ± connate

Fruit: berry, fleshy capsule, or dry bur.

Family?

Cactaceae

Family?

Cactaceae

Family?

Cactaceae

Family?

Cactaceae

Caryophyllaceae:

Habit, leave, inflorescence, flowers, perianth, stamens, carpels, fruit

Pink Family

Habit: herbs

Leaves: opposite, entire, stipulate or estipulate; nodes often swollen

Inflorescence: solitary flowers or cymes

Flowers: usually bisexual, usually hypogynous (perigynous)

Perianth: 5-merous, radial; sepals distinct or connate; petals distinct, often distally notched or fringed

Stamens: usually twice as many as petals

Carpels: 2–5, connate; stigmas/styles as many as carpels; locule 1, placentation free-central, ovules several–many (basal, ovule 1); ovary superior

Fruit: capsule, dehiscent by apical teeth (achene)

Family?

Caryophyllaceae

Family?

Caryophyllaceae

Family?

Caryophyllaceae

Family?

Caryophyllaceae

Family?

Caryophyllaceae

Family?

Caryophyllaceae

Family?

Caryophyllaceae

Family?

Caryophyllaceae

Cupressaceae:

Habit, stems, leaves, pollen cone, pollen grains, ovulate cones, seeds

Redwood/Cypress Family

Habit: shrubs, small to very large trees, evergreen or deciduous.

Stems: trunks 1–many, sometimes massive. Aromatic resin present in stems and leaves.

Leaves: simple, needle-like, awl-like, or scale-like, alternate, opposite and 4-ranked (opposite pairs sometimes dimorphic), or whorled, sessile or petioled, with decurrent bases; internodes very short. Veins 1, unbranched.

Pollen cone simple, maturing and falling annually, composed of a stem axis and opposite or tightly spiraled, scale-like microsporophylls, each with 2–10 pollen sacs on lower surface.

Pollen grains spheric, wingless. Pollen wind-dispersed.

Ovulate cones compound, maturing in 1–2 years, woody (fleshy and berrylike in Juniperus), falling when mature (persistent on branches in closed-cone cypresses; disintegrating at maturity in Taxodium). Composed of a stem axis, opposite or spiraled cone bracts, each of which subtends and is +- completely fused to a cone scale (modified stem) that bears 1–20 ovules on its top surface. Scale-bract complexes flattened and overlapping or peltate and abutting (edge to edge).

Seeds 1–20 per cone scale, winged and wind-dispersed or wingless and gravity-dispersed

Family?

Cupressaceae

Family?

Cupressaceae

Family?

Cupressaceae

Family?

Cupressaceae

Dryopteridaceae:

Habit, roots, leaves, sori, spores, gametophytes

Wood Fern Family

Habit: small to medium

Rhizomes creeping to erect, branched or unbranched, bearing scales.

Leaves: vegetative and sporangium-bearing leaves monomorphic (all similar in appearance) or dimorphic (vegetative leaves broader and flatter than spore-bearing leaves which often have narrow, tightly revolute-margined segments). Petiole slender to stout, usually green, scales usually persistent at base, in cross section with 2--many roundish bundles, or bundles 2 and crescent-shaped. Leaf blade simple to commonly 1--5 or more times pinnate or divided, glabrous or with glands, hairs, and/or scales, especially on rachis and midveins abaxially. Veins pinnate or parallel in ultimate segments, simple or forked, free or forming a network.

Sori borne abaxially on veins or at vein tips (but usually not marginal), or sporangia densely covering abaxial surface. Sori variously shaped (round, oblong, or elongate), with or without indusium, indusium linear, sickle-shaped, round, reniform, hoodlike, or cuplike. Sporangia with stalk of 2--3 rows of cells; annulus vertical, interrupted by stalk.

Spores all of 1 kind, usually 64 per sporangium.

Gametophytes green, above-ground, cordate, glabrous or often bearing glands or hairs.

Family?

Dryopteridaceae

Family?

Dryopteridaceae

Family?

Dryopteridaceae

Family?

Dryopteridaceae

Family?

Dryopteridaceae

Equisetaceae:

Size, rhizomes, stems, leaves, sporangia, spores, gametophytes

Horsetail Family

Size: small to large

Rhizomes creeping.

Aerial stems erect, jointed, unbranched or with whorled branches, ridged, with hollow internodes, monomorphic and all green with strobili at tips of some or all stems, or dimorphic with green, branched, vegetative stems and pale, non-green, unbranched stems that bear strobili.

Leaves: leaves whorled, scale-like, 1-veined, fused into tube or cup at base.

Sporangia: eusporangia borne on undersides of peltate, polygonal sporangiophores that are clustered on a central axis forming a strobilus.

Spores all of 1 kind, green, many per sporangium, each spore with 4 threadlike hygroscopic elaters.

Gametophytes green, above-ground, strap-shaped, glabrous, unisexual or bisexual.

Family?

Equisetaceae

Family?

Equisetaceae