Psych unit 3

basic emotions

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise— determined by limbic system

cognitive appraisal

cognitive interpretations that accompany emotions that allow us to experience secondary emotions

cannon bard theory

experience of emotion is accompanied by physiological arousal

james lange theory

physiological arousal causes emotion

two factor theory

emotion is determined by intensity of arousal we’re experiencing but cognitive appraisal determines what the emotion will be

misattribution of arousal

tendency for people to incorrectly label the source of arousal they’re experiencing

excitation transfer

phenomenon that occurs when people who are experiencing arousal from one event tend to also experience unrelated emotions more strongly

nonverbal communication

communication without words that includes tone of voice, posture, and touch to convey emotion

facial feedback hypothesis

movement of facial muscles can trigger corresponding emotions

universalist position on emotion

members of different cultures will produce similar expressions of similar emotions

components of emotion

subjective feeling, context, physiological changes, behaviors

reappraisal

therapeutic strategy used to sop people from misinterpreting emotions

low road response

rapid response with no interpretation. context to thalamus to amygdala to autonomic

high road response

slower response with processing. context to thalamus to sensory areas to PFC to amygdala to autonomic

ultrasocial

collective organization with full division of labor and cooperation for mutual benefit, only four species are this

aggression

behavior where the goal is to harm another

frustration aggression principle

animals aggress when their attempts to achieve a goal are frustrated

instrumental aggression

conscious, proactive aggression as a strategy for achieving goals

heat hypothesis

violence and heat correlated

cooperation

behavior by 2+ individuals that lead to mutual benefit

altruism

behavior that is not beneficial or may be harmful to the organism but benefits another organism

reciprocal altruism

helping others so they return the favor in the future

kin altruism

helping those related

in group favoritism

tendency for members of a group to act and feel more positively toward members than non-members

out group derogation

tendency for members of a group to act and feel negatively toward non-members

diffusion of responsibility

people are less likely to take responsibility for action when bystanders are present

social loafing

reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled

deindividuation

situations in which a person may feel a sense of anonymity and thus less accountability for actions

group think

group members try to maintain harmony/cohesion in decision making at expense of critical thinking

conformity

adjusting behavior/thinking to align with group standard because of real or imagined group pressure

normative influence

conformity based on one’s desire to fulfill others’ expectations and gain acceptance

informational influence

conformity under acceptance of evidence about reality which has been provided by others

social psychology

examines how people affect one another

situationism

view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings

dispositionism

behavior is determined by internal factors

internal factors

attribute of a person such as personality traits and temperament

fundamental attribution error

cognitive bias where individuals attribute other’s actions to their personality or traits rather than external factors

actor observer bias

phenomenon of attributing other peoples behavior to internal factors (FAE) while attributing our own behavior to situational forces

attribution

belief about the cause of a result

self serving bias

tendency to explain our successes due to internal factors but our failures to external factors

just world hypothesis

belief that people get the outcomes they deserve

prejudice

negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on their social group

stereotype

specific belief/assumption about individual based on their social group, regardless of their individual characteristics

discrimination

negative action toward an individual as a result of their social group

self fullfilling prophecy

expectation held by a person that alters their behavior in a way that tends to make it true

in group

group that we identify with or see ourselves belonging too

out group

group that we view as fundamentally different

in group bias

prejudice and discrimination because out group is seen as different and less preferred than out in group

obedience

compliance of a behavior in response to a direct command from a person in authority

personality

long standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave specific ways

id

our most primitive drives/urges that direct impulses for hunger, thirst and sex

superego

conscience, moral compass that tells us how we should behave

ego

rational part that balances id and superego

psychodynamic theory

id, superego, ego

traits

relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations

5 factor (big 5) model of personality

there are 5 fundamental underlying trait dimensions that are stable across time, cross culturally shared, and explain a substantial proportion of behavior

big 5 traits

agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, open mindedness

barnum effect

observation that people tend to believe in descriptions of their personality that supposedly are descriptive of them but could describe anyone

projective measures

measures of personality in which unstructured stimuli such as ink blots, incomplete sentences, etc, are shown to participants, who are asked to freely list what comes to mind

rorschach inkblot test

projective measure where the respondent indicates their thoughts about a series of 10 symmetrical inkblots

thernatic apperception test (TAT)

projective measure in which the respondent is asked to create stories about sketches of ambiguous situations, most of them people, either alone or with people