Political Science 110 Final Exam Study Guide

Spoken words that are known to be false and harmful to a person's reputation are an example of

slander

Which of the following are permissible in public schools?

none

Which constitutional amendment specifically places limits on Congress?

First Amendment

Miranda v. Arizona legally established which of the following personal liberties?

the right to counsel and information on charges against oneself

The Fifth Amendment establishes

protection against compelled self-incrimination.

Which 1961 decision extended exclusionary rules of search and seizure to state court proceedings?

Mapp v. Ohio

Which piece of legislation barred individuals from advocating or teaching the overthrow of the United States?

Smith Act

According to the Lemon test, for a state law to not violate the establishment clause of the First Amendment, it must

not entangle the government excessively in religion.

During the Civil War, which legal right did President Abraham Lincoln suspend as a means of silencing political dissidents?

the writ of habeas corpus

The Supreme Court has selectively incorporated some of the Bill of Rights and applied them to state action through the

Fourteenth amendment

In which of the following places has the Court ruled that there is no expectation of privacy?

cars and one's trash, and parks and stores

Which legal case established the clear and present danger test in relation to free speech?

Schenck v. United States

Which of the following protects an individual from being held in custody without the right to be heard in a court of law?

habeas corpus

Picketing, flag burning, or wearing an armband are all examples of

symbolic speech.

Which means of political expression is guaranteed under the Constitution?

all

Which of the following constitutional amendments focuses on the rights reserved to the people?

ninth amendment

What do the religion clauses of the First Amendment achieve?

bar the government from establishing a national religion, from favoring one group over another, and from interfering with individual religious practices

Which legal case concerned the burning of the American flag and led to a series of legal challenges?

Texas v. Johnson

The first ________ amendments to the Constitution explicitly limited the power of legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the national government.

ten

As written, which level or levels of government did the framers of the Constitution seek to restrict in power with the Bill of Rights?

national government

Which constitutional amendments were passed in the aftermath of the Civil War and codified the victory of the North?

Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth

Which amendment was passed in 1865 and outlawed slavery?

Thirteenth Amendment

Which tests do the courts apply to determine when unequal treatment is legal?

strict scrutiny test, heightened scrutiny test, and ordinary scrutiny test

In what city was Martin Luther King, Jr., assassinated in 1968, setting off riots in more than 100 cities?

Memphis, Tennessee

Which minority group is often viewed as being the "model minority"?

Asian Americans

In 2015, the Supreme Court ruled that state bans on same-sex marriage violated the Fourteenth Amendment in which case?

Obergefell v. Hodges

Of the following, which have the lowest average wage?

Hispanic women

Which amendment was passed in 1868 and provided for due process of law, equal protection under the law, and respect for the privileges and immunities of all citizens?

Fourteenth Amendment

Which Supreme Court decision ended the federal government's support for separate but equal practices in the southern states?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

In which year were women granted the right to vote in the United States?

1920

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits businesses from making discriminatory hiring decisions based on which inherent characteristic(s)?

race, color, sex, religion, and national origin

Which Court ruling created the separate but equal doctrine, which upheld state laws that mandated racial separation in schools and all public accommodations?

Plessy v. Ferguson

In which year did 18-year-olds get the right to vote?

1971

The Montgomery bus boycott began after the arrest of whom for refusing to give up a seat on the bus for a white man?

Rosa Parks

In 1848, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first meeting of the U.S. women's rights movement at

Seneca Falls, New York.

Which amendment to the Constitution prohibits the federal government from abridging or denying citizens the right to vote on account of sex?

Nineteenth

Which 1967 case determined state laws barring interracial marriage were unconstitutional?

Loving v. Virginia

The active yet nonviolent refusal to comply with morally-objectionable laws, used by abolitionist organizations like the American Anti-Slavery Society and civil rights activists like Martin Luther King, Jr., is known as what?

civil disobedience

Generally, the closer to Election Day the poll about electoral behaviors is taken, the accurate it is.

more

"80 percent of Americans support the president" is an example of what type of rating?

approval

A margin of sampling is a statistical calculation for how accurate a poll's results are.

error

Members of Congress are often to legislate in the face of strong popular opposition.

reluctant

What is considered the polling gold standard?

random sample

Which president was the first to poll-test specific phrases to describe major policy initiatives?

John Kennedy

The effect is defined as sympathy for a candidate behind in the polls, contributing to a higher-than-predicted vote total.

underdog

Which president initiated the practice of private presidential polling?

Franklin D. Roosevelt

For validity and reliability purposes, which of the following is likely the least preferred method of conducting a poll?

a news website

On average, women prefer candidates.

Democratic

___ refers to a system under which the winning candidate receives all the delegates for that state.

Winner-take-all system

What are midterm elections?

none of the above

___ refers to a seat in Congress without an incumbent running for reelection.

Open seat

Which event normally has the effect of creating an increase in the poll numbers for a presidential candidate?

political party convention

Which factor contributes to winning a congressional election?

all the above

Traditionally, which party has adhered to the winner-take-all system?

Republicans

A system of ___ allocates delegates based on the proportion of the vote a candidate wins.

proportional representation

___ refers to the spike in the polls that follows an event.

electoral bounce

___ refers to running for office by attacking the opponent. An unpopular tactic that is, nevertheless, very effective.

negative campaigning

Traditionally, which party has adhered to the proportional representation system?

democrats

The fact that more reporters claim to be liberal or moderate than conservative

does not mean there is a liberal bias in the media.

What classic "rule of thumb" guides local TV news?

"If it bleeds, it leads."

In the first ever televised presidential debate, which person was the first to display telegenic qualities?

John F. Kennedy

If people's have already made up their minds, what effect do news stories usually have on the way people think about politics?

Very little or none

The media perform which of the following political functions?

all these answers are correct

The sheer quantity and constant availability of information, which may cause media consumers to dismiss the significance of particular events, is known as

information overload

The corporate setting helps blur the line between news, politics, and entertainment, a phenomenon now described as

infotainment

Which U.S. president's fireside chats were the first to exploit the value of radio as a device for political communication?

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Encouraging the outbreak of the Spanish-American War is the most famous example of what type of journalism?

yellow journalism

One of the reasons the Internet may hamper quality democracy is that it

incubates lies, malice, and falsehoods.