Plant Survey AKA Botany Ch 29 & 30

What is botany?

Botany is literally the study of Plants but may also refer to the study of plants within a region, (the botany of the Gulf Coast) or the study of specific types of plants (the botany of Oak trees).

Botany has several

Specific sub-disciplines

name them?

• plant anatomy

• plant physiology

• systematic botany

• plant genetics

• horticulture

• agronomy

What is Plant Anatomy (Morphology)?

is the study of plant form, structure and development

What is Plant Physiology?

is the study of function that takes place within the plant (cells, tissues and organs)

What is Systematic Botany?

refers to the identification, classification and relationships among plants

What is Plant Genetics?

studies the inheritance and variation in plants and is applied extensively in horticulture, agronomy, and plant breeding and is closely tied with Plant Genomics

What is Plant Genomics?

The manipulation of plant genomes using breeding or transgenic technology.

What is Horticulture?

is the science of growing plants for flowers, fruit, vegetables, and ornamental plants on a small scale or in closed environments like greenhouses

What is Agronomy?

is the science of large-scale production of field crops for various uses (food, fiber, and feed) and involves study of the soil in which these crops are grown

Why is plant genetics important?

It is used in horticulture, agronomy, and plant breeding to improve crops.

Why is agronomy important?

It supports large-scale food, fiber, and feed production.

Cyanobacteria are eukaryotic. True or False

False (they are prokaryotic)

Cyanobacteria are within the Domain ___________

Eubacteria

Cyanobacteria lack what?

plastids

What are Cyanobacteria?

Prokaryotic organisms in Domain Eubacteria that lack plastids and may live in colonies.

Fungi perform photosynthesis. True or False

False

All fungi reproduce via spores. True or False

True

Algae are always multicellular. True or False

False - It has single celled (yeast) and multicellular (mushrooms)

What are Fungi?

Eukaryotic organisms with chitin cell walls that do not photosynthesize and reproduce via spores.

What are Algae?

Eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms with variable cell walls

In Algae many on photosynthetic pigments like

red, green and brown

Algae they photosynthesize using

plastids

What characterizes Green Algae (Chlorophyta)?

Contain chlorophyll a and b and have cellulose in cell walls.

Green Algae

ALL plants use those same chlorophyll molecules. True or False

true

ALL plants use those same chlorophyll molecules = green algae give rise to ALL Plants. The “how” is theoretical based on the _____________

plastids/chlorophylls

Why are green algae important to plant evolution?

They gave rise to all plants due to shared chlorophyll and genetic similarities.

All plants perform photosynthesis. True or False

False - many plants are NOT photosynthetic (degenerate) and live as parasites among other plants

Some plants are parasitic. True or False

True

Mistletoe is a parasitic plant. True or False

True

What is a degenerate plant?

A plant that has lost photosynthetic ability and lives parasitically.

List the 4 key characteristics of plants.

• Have tissues

• Cell walls contain cellulose

• Contain chlorophyll in plastids (or non-functional plastids in degenerate)

• Are land-adapted with embryos (embryophytes)

All plants are originally aquatic. True or False

False - land based first

All plants have embryos. True or False

True

What is an embryophyte?

A plant whose embryo develops inside maternal tissue

What is alternation of generations?

A life cycle alternating between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte stages.

What is a gametophyte?

Haploid stage that produces gametes.

What is a sporophyte?

Diploid stage that produces spores

Bryophytes have vascular tissue. True or False

False - they LACK vascular tissues

Bryophytes produce seeds. True or False

False - do not flower nor produce seeds

What are Bryophytes?

Non-vascular plants (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) that reproduce via spores.

Bryophytes reproduce via spores. True or False

True

Why is the gametophyte dominant in bryophytes?

Because it is the larger, visible stage.

What are Lycophytes?

they contain vascular tissues do not flower nor produce seeds, have unique leaf like structures called microphylls, are much reduced in their diversity today and the sporophyte is conspicuous generation

Lycophytes are commonly called

club mosses

Why are lycophytes important historically?

They contributed to coal formation in the Carboniferous period

Pteridophytes are commonly called

ferns

Pteridophytes are commonly called ferns and were first seen at the end of the _________________

Paleozoic becoming common in the Mesozoic

Pteridophytes(ferns) produce seeds. True or False

False

Pteridophytes (Fern) gametophytes are free-living. True or False

true

What are Pteridophytes?

Vascular, seedless plants and no flower with true leaves (megaphylls).

In Peteridophytes what is the conspicuous generation

sporophyte

Pteridophytes reproduce via spores. True or False

True

Gymnosperm seeds are enclosed. True or False

False - seeds are “naked” or not enclosed

What are Gymnosperms?

Vascular seed plants with “naked” seeds on cones.

Why are gymnosperms dominant in cold climates?

They are tolerant of cold and drought conditions.

Who were the first seed plants?

Gymnosperms

. These “modern” Gymnosperms are important to people as sources of ____________ and ____________

wood and fiber

sporophylls

where seeds that are “naked” or not enclosed are borne

Angiosperms

Vascular seed plants that enclose seeds in carpels (fruits).

Carpels

is a specialized structure where vascular seed plants that protect their seeds

Angiosperms

Carpels specialized structures function to protect the seed and to aid its distribution either by

mechanical means (wind) or by consumption

What is the conspicuous generation in Angiosperm?

sporophyte

Why did angiosperms become dominant?

They co-evolved with insect groups who acted as pollinators, improving reproduction success.