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What fundamental idea did Napoleon continue from the radical phase of the French Revolution?
The concept that individuals should be judged based on their merit rather than their birth or class.
What is meant by the term 'equality' in the context of the French Revolution?
It encompasses the idea of equal opportunities for individuals, rather than everyone being the same in all aspects.
What major societal change did the industrial revolution bring about?
It transitioned most of the labor force from agriculture to factory work, leading to urbanization and varied job opportunities.
What were some negative consequences of the Industrial Revolution?
Poor working conditions, child labor, pollution, and overcrowding in cities were notable issues.
What motivated calls for reform during the Industrial Revolution?
The desire for equality and better living conditions among the working class, particularly in response to harsh industrial conditions.
What was a key intellectual influence on the bourgeoisie leading to the French Revolution?
The Enlightenment, which emphasized rights, meritocracy, and social justice.
Describe one event during the French Revolution that contradicted the idea that it was solely driven by the bourgeoisie.
The Women’s March on Versailles, which highlighted grassroots discontent not solely based on bourgeois interests.
What role did social instability play in the rise of Napoleon?
The turmoil and instability in France opened opportunities for Napoleon to rise to power.
How did class consciousness among the bourgeoisie influence the French Revolution?
The bourgeoisie's awareness of their rights and the power dynamics in society led them to demand representation and reforms.
What was the significance of the calendar reform during the radical phase of the Revolution?
It represented a radical departure from the old monarchy, symbolizing the break from the past and the establishment of a new republic.