Studied by 194 peopleForm
Phonology, morphology, syntax
Content
Semantics
Use
Pragmatics
What is the "gold standard" in measuring language production?
Language sample
Poverty of stimulus
Adults offer poor examples of proper speech
Parameters
The parts of grammar that are different for each language
Principles
The parts of grammar that are true for all languages
Linguistic performance
What the speaker actually says
Linguistic competence
A speaker's internalized knowledge of a language
Yang
Broadened the definition of Nativism to include innate core grammar and learned periphery elements
How does Nativism think children learn language?
Through innate principles and by setting parameters according to their environment
What mechanism does Nativism think children use to acquire language?
Universal Grammar
Who came up with Universal Grammar?
Noam Chomsky
Principle C
Ambiguous sentences such as "Mickey Mouse said he likes pizza."
How does Nativism apply to treating language impairments?
The SLP must reset parameters
Bandura's abstract modeling
Children develop rule-based systems based on interactions and vocalizations they've observed
Skinner
Suggested language is acquired because of environmental influences; verbal behavior is learned via imitation, practice, and reinforcement
Are children active or passive learners according to Social Interactionism?
Active
Recast
Repeat the child's utterance with adult grammar; "car go" becomes "yes, the car is going."
Expansion
Add to the child's utterance; "car go" becomes "car go fast"
Zone of Proximal Development
The difference between what the child can do on their own and what they can do with assistance
How can you lessen the bias of standardized testing?
Dynamic assessment
Scaffolding
A system or framework of support provided by an instructor to help a student reach the next level of learning
What are two of the most important factors of teaching language according to Social Interactionism?
Meaningful context and frequent models
Domain general
We use a similar learning mechanism for reading, math, music, etc.
Domain specific
We use a specific cognitive process to learn a specific function
Child-directed speech
Slower rate, higher pitched, more exaggerated, multisensory input, tailored to be developmentally appropriate
How is language acquired according to the interactive model?
Through social interactions with caregivers
Why are errors made according to the interactive model?
The child has difficulty organizing and assimilating information from context
How is language acquired according to the functional theory?
Through child hypothesis-testing via interacting with their language environment
Why are errors made according to the functional theory?
Cue costs and competition
How is language acquired according to the rare event cognitive theory?
Through the interaction of cognitive abilities and social communication
Why are errors made according to the rare event cognitive theory?
Problems with attending, storage, comparing, retrieving, or hypothesizing
How is language acquired according to Vygotsky?
Through social contact with a more advanced peer
Why are errors made according to Vygotsky?
Part of the learning process
Four bases of acquisition
Biological preparations, nurturance, sensorimotor experiences, linguistic experiences
Lateralization in adults
Language is on the left side
Lateralization in children under 4
Language is on both sides
What does play and routine teach?
Communication exchanges have predictable structures and others are responsive to your signals
When does give and take play appear?
Between 5-9 months with preferred objects
When does pretend play appear?
Between 11-13 months
What is the relationship between cognitive development and language development?
Typically parallel, but not dependent on each other
Responding joint attention
Follows caregiver's gesture or eye gaze
Initiating joint attention
Directs caregiver's attention with gesture or eye gaze
Why would objects that are pointed to become words in a child's vocabulary?
The child is interested in and interacting with those objects
Why does the amount of pointing predict future vocabulary size?
More pointing leads to more opportunities for learning vocabulary
Maxim of quality
Speak truthfully
Maxim of quantity
Don't say too much or too little
Maxim of relation
Be relevant
Maxim of manner
Be brief, orderly, and unambiguous
McGurk effect
Audial input and visual input are often equally important for understanding
Language and socioeconomic class
In higher-income houses, children are talked to more
Sensorimotor intelligence at around 18-24 months
Object permanence, schema relating to objects, spatial relationships, means-end understanding, causality, imitation
Object permanence
Understanding that objects continue to exist, even when they are not immediately present
Schemas for relating objects
The ability to perform specific actions habitually on a variety of objects
Spatial relationships
Understanding an object's position in space and how objects relate to one another
Means-end understanding
Separate problem solving process from problem solving goal
Causality
Anticipate what consequences will follow certain actions
Imitation
Performance of a response that matches or approximates a modeled behavior
Why are gestures correlated with future vocabulary and syntax?
Gestures allow room for syntactic constructions
Will children with hearing loss transition from gestures to vocalizations?
No, they will continue using gesture
Note
Flashcard