CSD 541 Midterm

Form

Phonology, morphology, syntax

Content

Semantics

Use

Pragmatics

What is the "gold standard" in measuring language production?

Language sample

Poverty of stimulus

Adults offer poor examples of proper speech

Parameters

The parts of grammar that are different for each language

Principles

The parts of grammar that are true for all languages

Linguistic performance

What the speaker actually says

Linguistic competence

A speaker's internalized knowledge of a language

Yang

Broadened the definition of Nativism to include innate core grammar and learned periphery elements

How does Nativism think children learn language?

Through innate principles and by setting parameters according to their environment

What mechanism does Nativism think children use to acquire language?

Universal Grammar

Who came up with Universal Grammar?

Noam Chomsky

Principle C

Ambiguous sentences such as "Mickey Mouse said he likes pizza."

How does Nativism apply to treating language impairments?

The SLP must reset parameters

Bandura's abstract modeling

Children develop rule-based systems based on interactions and vocalizations they've observed

Skinner

Suggested language is acquired because of environmental influences; verbal behavior is learned via imitation, practice, and reinforcement

Are children active or passive learners according to Social Interactionism?

Active

Recast

Repeat the child's utterance with adult grammar; "car go" becomes "yes, the car is going."

Expansion

Add to the child's utterance; "car go" becomes "car go fast"

Zone of Proximal Development

The difference between what the child can do on their own and what they can do with assistance

How can you lessen the bias of standardized testing?

Dynamic assessment

Scaffolding

A system or framework of support provided by an instructor to help a student reach the next level of learning

What are two of the most important factors of teaching language according to Social Interactionism?

Meaningful context and frequent models

Domain general

We use a similar learning mechanism for reading, math, music, etc.

Domain specific

We use a specific cognitive process to learn a specific function

Child-directed speech

Slower rate, higher pitched, more exaggerated, multisensory input, tailored to be developmentally appropriate

How is language acquired according to the interactive model?

Through social interactions with caregivers

Why are errors made according to the interactive model?

The child has difficulty organizing and assimilating information from context

How is language acquired according to the functional theory?

Through child hypothesis-testing via interacting with their language environment

Why are errors made according to the functional theory?

Cue costs and competition

How is language acquired according to the rare event cognitive theory?

Through the interaction of cognitive abilities and social communication

Why are errors made according to the rare event cognitive theory?

Problems with attending, storage, comparing, retrieving, or hypothesizing

How is language acquired according to Vygotsky?

Through social contact with a more advanced peer

Why are errors made according to Vygotsky?

Part of the learning process

Four bases of acquisition

Biological preparations, nurturance, sensorimotor experiences, linguistic experiences

Lateralization in adults

Language is on the left side

Lateralization in children under 4

Language is on both sides

What does play and routine teach?

Communication exchanges have predictable structures and others are responsive to your signals

When does give and take play appear?

Between 5-9 months with preferred objects

When does pretend play appear?

Between 11-13 months

What is the relationship between cognitive development and language development?

Typically parallel, but not dependent on each other

Responding joint attention

Follows caregiver's gesture or eye gaze

Initiating joint attention

Directs caregiver's attention with gesture or eye gaze

Why would objects that are pointed to become words in a child's vocabulary?

The child is interested in and interacting with those objects

Why does the amount of pointing predict future vocabulary size?

More pointing leads to more opportunities for learning vocabulary

Maxim of quality

Speak truthfully

Maxim of quantity

Don't say too much or too little

Maxim of relation

Be relevant

Maxim of manner

Be brief, orderly, and unambiguous

McGurk effect

Audial input and visual input are often equally important for understanding

Language and socioeconomic class

In higher-income houses, children are talked to more

Sensorimotor intelligence at around 18-24 months

Object permanence, schema relating to objects, spatial relationships, means-end understanding, causality, imitation

Object permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist, even when they are not immediately present

Schemas for relating objects

The ability to perform specific actions habitually on a variety of objects

Spatial relationships

Understanding an object's position in space and how objects relate to one another

Means-end understanding

Separate problem solving process from problem solving goal

Causality

Anticipate what consequences will follow certain actions

Imitation

Performance of a response that matches or approximates a modeled behavior

Why are gestures correlated with future vocabulary and syntax?

Gestures allow room for syntactic constructions

Will children with hearing loss transition from gestures to vocalizations?

No, they will continue using gesture