Anatomy Cardio Test

Function of the Cardiovascular System

To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste through the blood to and from body cells.

Atria

Upper chambers of the heart that receive blood.

Ventricles

Lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out.

3 Components of Cardiovascular System

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood.

Path of Blood Through the Heart

Vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body.

Homeostasis via Circulatory System

Regulates body temp, pH, water levels, and O₂/CO₂ balance.

ECG measures the following

P wave (atria contract), QRS complex (ventricles contract), T wave (ventricles reset).

Systolic Pressure

Pressure when the heart contracts (top number).

Diastolic Pressure

Pressure when the heart relaxes (bottom number).

‘Lubb’ Sound

Sound made when AV valves close (start of systole).

‘Dub’ Sound

Sound made when semilunar valves close (end of systole).

SA node

Natural pacemaker that starts the heartbeat.

Bundle of His

Conducts the electrical signals to the ventricles to facilitate contraction.

Composition of Blood

Plasma (55%), red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (fight infection), platelets (help clot blood).

Homozygous

Carrying the same alleles (e.g., GG or gg).

Heterozygous

Carrying different alleles (e.g., Gg).

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism.

Phenotype

The physical traits shown by an organism.

Gametes from GgBb Parent

Possible combinations: GB, Gb, gB, gb.

Heterozygous Type A × Heterozygous Type B Cross

Parent genotypes: IAi × IBi, resulting in blood types A, B, AB, O.

Sickle Cell Advantage

Sickle cell trait provides resistance to malaria.

Path of Airflow

Nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.

Function of Respiratory System

Brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; essential for cellular respiration.

Inspiration

Inhaling air, caused by diaphragm contraction.

Ventilation

Air movement in and out, includes breathing cycle.

Vital Capacity

Maximum amount of air exhaled after a deep inhalation.

Trachea

Windpipe connecting the throat to the lungs.

Epiglottis

Flap that prevents food from entering the trachea.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Cellular Respiration

Process by which cells use O₂ to produce ATP (energy).