JM

Anatomy Cardio Test

Function of the Cardiovascular System

To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste through the blood to and from body cells.

Atria vs Ventricles

  • Atria = upper chambers; receive blood

  • Ventricles = lower chambers; pump blood out
    Atria = in / Ventricles = out

3 Components of Cardiovascular System

  1. Heart – pumps blood

  2. Blood vessels – carry blood (arteries, veins, capillaries)

  3. Blood – carries gases, nutrients, waste

Path of Blood Through the Heart

  1. Vena cava → right atrium

  2. Right atrium → right ventricle

  3. Right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs

  4. Lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium

  5. Left atrium → left ventricle

  6. Left ventricle → aorta → body

Homeostasis via Circulatory System

Regulates body temp, pH, water levels, O₂/CO₂ balance by working with respiratory, excretory, and endocrine systems.

What an ECG Measures

  • P wave = atria contract

  • QRS complex = ventricles contract

  • T wave = ventricles reset (relaxation)

Diastolic vs Systolic Pressure

  • Systolic = pressure when heart contracts (top number)

  • Diastolic = pressure when heart relaxes (bottom number)

“Lubb Dub” Sound

  • “Lubb” = AV valves close (start of systole)

  • “Dub” = semilunar valves close (end of systole)

Heart’s Electrical System

  • SA node = natural pacemaker (starts heartbeat)

  • AV node = delays signal so ventricles fill

  • Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers = spread signal to ventricles for contraction

Blood Vessel Differences

Type

Function

Wall Thickness

Has Valves?

Arteries

Carry blood away from heart

Thick

No

Veins

Carry blood to heart

Thin

Yes

Capillaries

Exchange gases/nutrients

Super thin

No

Arterioles

Small arteries

Medium

No

Venules

Small veins

Medium

No

Composition of Blood

  • Plasma (55%) – water, proteins, nutrients

  • Red blood cells – carry oxygen

  • White blood cells – fight infection

  • Platelets – help clot blood

Genetics Terms

  • Homozygous = same alleles (e.g., GG or gg)

  • Heterozygous = different alleles (e.g., Gg)

  • Genotype = genetic makeup

  • Phenotype = physical trait shown

Gametes from GgBb Parent

Possible combinations: GB, Gb, gB, gb
(Use FOIL method)

Cross: Heterozygous Type A × Heterozygous Type B

  • Parent genotypes: IAi × IBi

  • Offspring: IAIB (AB), IAi (A), IBi (B), ii (O)

  • Blood types possible: A, B, AB, O

Sickle Cell Advantage

  • Sickle cell trait gives resistance to malaria in regions where malaria is common.

Blood Types & Reactions

Blood Type

Antigens

Antibodies

Can Receive From

Can Donate To

A

A

Anti-B

A, O

A, AB

B

B

Anti-A

B, O

B, AB

AB

A & B

None

A, B, AB, O

AB only

O

None

Anti-A, Anti-B

O only

All (universal donor)

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Path of Airflow

Nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

Function of Respiratory System

Brings in oxygen, removes carbon dioxide from the body; essential for cellular respiration.

Inspiration vs Ventilation

  • Inspiration = inhaling air (diaphragm contracts down)

  • Ventilation = air in/out movement (includes breathing cycle)

Vital Capacity

Maximum amount of air exhaled after deep inhalation. Shows lung health.

Structure/Function of Parts

  • Trachea – windpipe, connects throat to lungs

  • Epiglottis – flap that prevents food from entering trachea

  • Bronchioles – small airways in lungs

  • Alveoli – tiny air sacs where gas exchange happens

  • Larynx – voice box, contains vocal cords

  • Pharynx – throat; connects nose/mouth to trachea

Respiration vs Cellular Respiration

  • Respiration = physical breathing

  • Cellular respiration = process where cells use O₂ to make ATP (energy)