Anatomy & Physiology: Cancer and Cell Cycle Learning Targets

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Contains learning targets from Cancer and Cell Cycle (mitosis, mutations, cancer) for the final

38 Terms

1

Top risk factor for cancer

Age

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2

Why is age the top risk for cancer?

More time for genetic mutations to develop

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3

How cancer develops

Mutations in DNA cause cells to grow out of control

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4

Tumor suppressor genes

  • Slow down cell division

  • Repair DNA mistakes

  • Apoptosis (cell suicide)

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5

Proto-oncogenes

Control the speed of the cell cycle

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6

Benign Tumor

Non-cancerous tumor

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7

Malignant Tumor

Cancerous tumor

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8

Types of Mutations

  • Substitution

  • Deletion

  • Insertion

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9

Substitution (mutation)

  • Point mutations

  • one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

  • causes incorrect amino acid to be formed, not the worst unless stop codon is formed early

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10

Original: TAC GAG CAT CAC TGT ATC

Mutation: TAC GAT CAT CAC TGT ATC

Substitution

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11

Deletion (mutation)

  • Frameshift mutation

  • one(or more) nucleotide is deleted all together

  • causes incorrect amino acids to be formed and last codon doesn’t have 3 bases, not good

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12

Original: TAC GAG CAT CAC TGT ATC

Mutation: TAC GAC ATC ACT GTA TC

Deletion

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13

Insertion (mutation)

  • Frameshift mutation

  • the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA

  • causes incorrect amino acids to be formed because there is a extra base added causing the last codon to not have 3 bases , not good

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14

Original: TAC GAG CAT CAC TGT ATC

Mutation: TAC GAG CAT TCA CTG TAT C

Insertion

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15

Point Mutations (3)

  • Nonsense

  • Missense

  • Silent

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16

Nonsense (point mutation)

occurs when one nucleotide is substituted and this leads to the formation of a stop codon instead of a codon that codes for an amino acid (substitution)

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17

Original: Met-Leu-Val-Val-Thr-STOP

Mutation: Met-Leu-STOP- - -

Nonsense

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18

Missense (point mutation)

occurs when one nucleotide is substituted and the codon produces a different amino acid in the sequence of amino acids (Frameshift)

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19

Original: Met-Leu-Val-Val-Thr-STOP

Mutation: Met-Leu-Pro-Val-Thr-STOP

Missense

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20

Silent (point mutation)

a nucleotide is substituted but the same amino acid is produced anyway

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21

Original: Met-Leu-Val-Val-Thr-STOP

Mutation: Met-Leu-Val-Val-Thr-STOP

Silent

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22

Carcinogen

Anything that can cause cancer

ex. tobacco, alcohol, sunlight

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23

Amount of individuals who will get cancer

22.92%

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24

Inherited Mutations

  • Gene defects that are passed from parent → child

  • mutation exists in all cells

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25

Acquired Mutations

DNA changes that are acquired during a person’s life

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26
<p>Prophase (1)</p>

Prophase (1)

  • Longest phase (50%-60% spent there)

  • Chromosomes become visible

  • Centrioles separate to opposite sides of cell (form spindles)

  • Nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope breaks down

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27
<p>Identify the phase of mitosis</p>

Identify the phase of mitosis

Prophase

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28
<p>Metaphase (2)</p>

Metaphase (2)

chromosomes line up in center of cell

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29
<p>Identify the phase of mitosis</p>

Identify the phase of mitosis

Metaphase

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30
<p>Anaphase (3)</p>

Anaphase (3)

sister chromatids split up apart into individual chromosomes and move apart

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31
<p>Identify the phase of mitosis</p>

Identify the phase of mitosis

Anaphase

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32
<p>Telophase (4)</p>

Telophase (4)

  • Chromosomes turn back into chromatin

  • Centrioles go back into pairs (spindles disappear)

  • Nucleolus appears and nuclear envelope forms again

  • Final step

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33
<p>Identify the phase of mitosis</p>

Identify the phase of mitosis

Telophase

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34
<p>Cytokinesis</p>

Cytokinesis

  • NOT part of mitosis

  • Cell division

  • Cell plate (line forms and makes 2)

  • Cleavage furrow pinches them apart

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35
<p>Interphase</p>

Interphase

  • Cell is performing everyday tasks (metabolic)

  • 90% spent in this stage

  • G1, S, G2

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36

G1 (interphase)

Cell growth

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37

S (interphase)

DNA replication (make/copy chromosomes)

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38

G2 (interphase)

Prepare for mitosis

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