Module 31 Quiz

Memory

Learning that persists over time; it involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

Measuring Retention - Recall (1/3)

Retrieving info that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time. (Ex - retrieving someone's name, short answer response, etc).

Measuring Retention - Recognition (2/3)

Identifying items previously learned. (Ex - multiple choice question, identifying someone's face).

Measuring Retention - Relearning (3/3)

Learning material faster the second time. (Ex - learning module's information again).

Processes of Learning

Encoding: Get info to our brain -> Storage: Retain that info -> Retrieval: later that get that info back out.

Parallel Processing

Brain processes many things simultaneously.

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

1. Sensory memory: Immediate, fleeting recording of sensory info.

   THEN

2. Short-Term Memory: Holds info briefly before its stored or forgotten: includes rehearsal.

   FINALLY

3. Long-Term Memory: Permanent and limitless storage.

Working Memory

Updated model in which working/short-term memory actively processes incoming info and links it with long-term memory. Ex - repeating a password to memorize it.

Explicit Memories

Also known as Effortful Processing: Conscious effort to encode facts and experiences (declarative memories). Ex - studying .

Implicit Memories

Also known as Automatic Processing: Unconscious encoding of information (non declarative memories). Ex - skills like riding a bike, classically conditioned responses, and automatically processing:

• Space: remembering the location of info

• Time: recalling events in sequence

• Frequency: tracking how often things happen

Explicit Memories -> Iconic Memory

Sensory memory feeds our active working memory with:

• Iconic Memory: brief VISUAL memory lasting a few tenths of a second. Ex. glimpsing a detailed scene and recalling its components.

Explicit Memories -> Echoic Memory

Sensory memory feeds our active working memory with:

• Echoic Memory: brief, AUDITORY memory lasting 3-4 seconds. Ex - remembering the last few words spoken when distracted.

Short-Term Memory Capacity

The capacity is about 7 (+/- 2). Duration: info fades quickly without rehearsal (12 seconds or less). Young adults have better capacity.

Effortful Processing: Chunking

Organizing info into manageable units. Ex - phone #'s

Effortful Processing: Mnemonics

Memory aids using imagery and acronyms. Ex. colors of the rainbow

Effortful Processing: Hierarchies

Few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower facts.

Spacing Effect

Studying overtime leads to better long-term memory than cramming.

Testing Effect

Self-testing improves learning and memory better than rereading + highlighting.

Shallow Processing

Focuses on surface details like letters or sounds (rhyming or capitalization).

Deep Processing

Encodes meaning (semantic processing) for better retention. Ex. relating new info learned to something of your personal life.

Self-Reference Effect

We remember info better when we connect it to ourselves.

Time Spent Remembering

Meaningful material requires less effort to learn than unrelated facts or nonsense.